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Chapter 1 The Human Body: An OrientationPart B

Shilla Chakrabarty, Ph.D.

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The Compound Light Microscope

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Anatomical Position

• Standard anatomical body position:

• Body erect

• Feet slightly apart

• Palms facing forward

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Body Positions

• Supine position

Body lying down with face up

• Prone position

Body lying with face down

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Regional Terms

Regional terms designate specific areas

Two major divisions of body:

Axial

• Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

• Limbs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic(genital)

CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental

ThoracicAxillaryMammarySternalAbdominalUmbilicalPelvicInguinal(groin)

Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigital

Lower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b

Cervical Back (dorsal)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)

Upper limb AcromialBrachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)Manus (hand) Metacarpal DigitalLower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peronealPedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar

Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head)

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

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Body PlanesPlane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

Sagittal plane: Divides body vertically into right and left parts; produces a sagittal section

• Midsagittal (median) plane: Lies on midline

• Parasagittal plane: Not on midline

Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section

Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Frontal plane

Liver

Spleen

Pancreas

Aorta

Vertebralcolumn

Spinal cord

Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall

Rectum IntestinesLeft andright lungs

Liver HeartStomach

SpleenArm

(a) Frontal section (through torso)

(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)

(c) Median section (midsagittal)

Body Planes

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Body Positions

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Anatomical Variability

• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:

Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place

Small muscles may be missing

Variations Of The Superior Thyroid Artery

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Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity: Protects nervous system

Subdivisions are:

• Cranial cavity: Encases the brain

• Vertebral cavity: Encases spinal cord

Ventral cavity: Houses internal organs

Subdivisions are:

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Cranialcavity(contains brain)

Dorsalbodycavity

Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)

Cranialcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Vertebralcavity

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity

Body Cavities

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Ventral Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity subdivisions:

Two pleural cavities

• Each houses a lung

Mediastinum

• Contains the pericardial cavity

• Surrounds thoracic organs

Pericardial cavity

• Encloses heart

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Ventral Body Cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:

Abdominal cavity

• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic cavity

• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Cranialcavity(contains brain)

Dorsalbodycavity

Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)

Cranialcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Vertebralcavity

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity

Body Cavities

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.10a-b

Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietalpericardium

Pericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium

(b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Serosa:

Covering membranes for body cavities that do not open to the exterior

Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid

• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Serous Membrane (Serosa)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b

Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietalpericardium

Pericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium

(b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11

Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Rightlumbarregion

Leftlumbarregion

Righthypochondriac

region

Lefthypochondriac

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon oflarge intestine

Small intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Diaphragm

Stomach

Descending colonof large intestine

Transverse colonof large intestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colon

Urinary bladder

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Abdominopelvic Regions

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Other Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive cavities

• Nasal cavity

• Orbital cavities

• Middle ear cavities

• Synovial cavities