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Chapter 1 Chapter 1
The Microbial World and YouThe Microbial World and You
What are microorganisms?What are microorganisms?
Too small to be seen with the unaided eyeToo small to be seen with the unaided eye
True cellular forms True cellular forms
UbiquitousUbiquitous
Both helpful and problematicBoth helpful and problematic
Scope and Relevance of MicrobiologyScope and Relevance of Microbiology
First living organisms on the planetFirst living organisms on the planet
Live everywhere life is possibleLive everywhere life is possible
Largest component of Earth's biomass Largest component of Earth's biomass
Ecosystems depends on their activities Ecosystems depends on their activities
Why study microbes?Why study microbes?
Recycling vital elementsRecycling vital elementsBioremediation Bioremediation AgricultureAgricultureBiotechnology/ Genetic engineering Biotechnology/ Genetic engineering Food microbiologyFood microbiologyIndustrial MicrobiologyIndustrial MicrobiologyNormal microbiota Normal microbiota Disease causing microorganismsDisease causing microorganisms
Common AncestorCommon Ancestor
Gave rise to 3 DomainsGave rise to 3 Domains Two prokaryoticTwo prokaryotic
Bacteria and ArchaeaBacteria and Archaea One eukaryotic One eukaryotic
Eukarya Eukarya
ProkaryotesProkaryotesAsexual; unicellular, no membrane bound organellesAsexual; unicellular, no membrane bound organelles
ArchaeaArchaea Not known to be human pathogens Not known to be human pathogens Usually found in extreme environments Usually found in extreme environments
BacteriaBacteria Some pathogenic Some pathogenic Multiple morphological and physiological differences Multiple morphological and physiological differences
from archaeafrom archaea
Rod Shaped Bacteria Rod Shaped Bacteria
Many Klebisella pneumoniae cells
Round ArchaeaRound Archaea
Methanococcus janaschii, with numerous
flagella attached to one side
EukaryotesEukaryotesUnicellular or multicellularUnicellular or multicellular
Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction
Multiple membranous organelles Multiple membranous organelles
AlgaeAlgaeUnicellular or multicellularUnicellular or multicellular
PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic
High morphological diversityHigh morphological diversity
Not pathogenicNot pathogenic
Cymatopleura
Volvox
Macrocystis pyrifera
Gelidium pulchrum Alexandrium tamarense
Amanita muscaria
Aspergillus flavus
Rhizopus Saccharomyces cerevisiae
•FungiFungi•Unicellular or multicellularUnicellular or multicellular•Absorb nutrients from their environmentAbsorb nutrients from their environment•Primarily opportunistic pathogensPrimarily opportunistic pathogens
ProtozoaProtozoaUnicellular Unicellular
Most are mobile Most are mobile Pseudopods, Flagella, CiliaPseudopods, Flagella, Cilia
Absorb nutrients from environment or live as Absorb nutrients from environment or live as parasites parasites
Manyare pathogenicManyare pathogenic
Giardia lamblia
Amoeba
Paramecium
HelminthsHelminthsMulti-cellular animalsMulti-cellular animals
Flatworms and round wormsFlatworms and round worms
Many are pathogenicMany are pathogenic
Only some life stages Only some life stages microscopicmicroscopic
Taenia taeniformis
Necator americanus
VirusesViruses Obligatory intracellular Obligatory intracellular
parasiteparasite No true cellular organizationNo true cellular organization Living or non-living???Living or non-living??? HIV virus on the surface of a
CD4+ cell
Bacteriophages
Size in the Microbial WorldSize in the Microbial World
History of MicrobiologyHistory of Microbiology
Robert Hooke -1665Robert Hooke -1665
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Anton van Leeuwenhoek - 16731673 "animalcules" "animalcules"
Schleiden and Schwann- Schleiden and Schwann- 1838/391838/39 Cell theory Cell theory
Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation
Franscesco Redi – 1668 Franscesco Redi – 1668
John Needham – 1745John Needham – 1745
Lazzaro Spallanzani - 1765Lazzaro Spallanzani - 1765
Rudolf Virchow -1855Rudolf Virchow -1855
Louis Pasteur – 1861Louis Pasteur – 1861 Aseptic techniques Aseptic techniques
Golden Age of Golden Age of Microbiology Microbiology (1874 – 1914)(1874 – 1914)
Support theories that invisible agents cause Support theories that invisible agents cause diseasedisease Ignaz Semmelweis - 1840Ignaz Semmelweis - 1840
Childbed feverChildbed fever Joseph Lister - 1867Joseph Lister - 1867
Aseptic surgeryAseptic surgery John Tyndall John Tyndall
Microbes in dust, some heat resistant Microbes in dust, some heat resistant
Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease Pasteur Pasteur
Fermentation (1857) and pasteurization (1864)Fermentation (1857) and pasteurization (1864)
Robert Koch - 1876Robert Koch - 1876
Walther Hesse – 1882Walther Hesse – 1882
VaccinationVaccination Edward Jenner – 1798Edward Jenner – 1798
Smallpox vaccineSmallpox vaccine Louis Pasteur – 1880Louis Pasteur – 1880
Avirulence Avirulence
Rabies vaccineRabies vaccine
ChemotherapyChemotherapy
1908, Paul Ehrlich1908, Paul Ehrlich
Salvarsan – treatment for syphilisSalvarsan – treatment for syphilis
1928, Alexander Fleming1928, Alexander FlemingDiscovered properties of penicillinDiscovered properties of penicillin
1935-36, Gerhard Domagk & Ernest Fourneau1935-36, Gerhard Domagk & Ernest FourneauDevelopment of sulfa drugsDevelopment of sulfa drugs
1940, Selman Waksman1940, Selman WaksmanIsolated antibiotic from Isolated antibiotic from StreptomycesStreptomyces
1940, Howard Florey & Ernest Chain1940, Howard Florey & Ernest ChainPreformed clinical trials and mass produced Preformed clinical trials and mass produced penicillinpenicillin
Problems with modern chemotherapeuticsProblems with modern chemotherapeutics ToxicityToxicity ResistanceResistance Lack of adequate anti- viral drugs Lack of adequate anti- viral drugs
Infectious disease remains a threatInfectious disease remains a threat 750 million cases each year in US750 million cases each year in US
Emerging diseasesEmerging diseasesFactors associated with emerging diseaseFactors associated with emerging disease
Microbial evolution Microbial evolution Changing human behavior/lifestylesChanging human behavior/lifestyles Complacency of human population Complacency of human population Population expansion/global travel Population expansion/global travel