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CHAPTER 1 THE SCIENCE OF MARINE BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1THE SCIENCE OF MARINE BIOLOGY
Marine Biology: the scientific study of the organisms of the sea
Life on earth probably originated in the sea Marine life helps determine the very nature
of our planet
The Science of Marine Biology
Marine biology is closely related to oceanography, but the two are not synonymous
Oceanography: the scientific study of the oceans
The Science of Marine Biology
Aristotle ◦ considered by many to be
the first marine biologist◦ lived in the 4th century
B.C. Greece◦ recognized many basics of
marine biology, including that fish breathe using gills
The History of Marine Biology
James Cook◦ one of the first explorers to make scientific
observations along the way and to include a full-time naturalist among his crew
◦ created first dependable charts◦ brought back plant and animal specimens
The History of Marine Biology
James Cook (cont.)◦ one observation he made was when the crew ate
citrus fruits they did not develop scurvy◦ today we know that scurvy is caused by a lack of
vitamin C in the diet◦ he proved that through careful observation,
scientific discoveries can be made by non scientists
The History of Marine Biology
Charles Darwin◦ most likely the most famous shipboard naturalist◦ sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle for 5
years◦ best known for his theory of evolution
The History of Marine Biology
The “Wilkes Expedition”◦ 1838-1842 (United States Exploring Expedition)◦ Led by Lt. Charles Wilkes of the U.S. Navy◦ discovered at least 2,000 previously unknown
species◦ Laid the foundation for government funding of
scientific research
The History of Marine Biology
Edward Forbes◦ discovered many previously unknown organisms
and recognized that sea floor life at different depths
The History of Marine Biology
The Challenger Expedition◦ 1872-1876◦ Led scientifically by Charles Wyville Thompson
often considered the “founder of oceanography”◦ took 19 years and 50 volumes to publish all
the results◦ brought back more information about the
ocean than had been previously recorded in all human history
◦ set new standards for studying the ocean
The History of Marine Biology
Growth of Marine Laboratories
Henri Milne Edwards and Victor Andowin◦ French zoologists and naturalists◦ first to study shore life and bring equipment to
the shore
Growth of Marine Laboratories
The first U.S. marine laboratory was founded in 1930 in Woods Hole, MA◦ It is now called the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution
Growth of Marine Laboratories
Improving Marine Research
SONAR: SOund NAvigation Ranging◦ developed in response to
the growing importance of submarine warfare
◦ based on the principles of echolocation used by marine organisms
◦ refers to the use of sound to discover the location and distribution of underwater objects or features.
SONAR
It can also be used to generate underwater images and measure the speed of objects
Sound travels more efficiently through water than it does through air, radar does not work well in water
SONAR
SONAR
Passive sonar detects sound waves given off by objects◦ involves listening to underwater sounds from
marine mammals, such as whales, or from submarines or other underwater vessels
Passive SONAR
Passive sonar can primarily determines the direction of objects
Submersibles and submarines utilize passive sonar as it does not reveal their location in the water
Passive SONAR
With active SONAR, sound is emitted into the ocean in short bursts or “pings” and then the reflections are detected
Active SONAR
The distance to an object is calculated from the echo transmission and return interval and the speed of sound in water (~ 1 mile per second or 1.6 km/s)
Active SONAR
Echolocation
Echolocation
Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
British inventor William James made the first scuba unit in 1825.
However, Frenchman Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan did not develop the aqualung used today until 1942.
SCUBA
A scuba diver wears metal tanks that hold compressed air.
They supply air to the diver at the same pressure as the surrounding water pressure. ◦ A diver uses air more quickly at deeper depths
The diver exhales used air into the water The limit of a scuba device is commonly
considered to be 50m (160 ft)
SCUBA
1. Open Circuit
2. Closed Circuit
3. Semi-closed Circuit
Three Types of SCUBA
“Open-circuit” scuba: The scuba equipment most often used by amateur divers (all nonhelmeted divers).
This consists of a compressed air tank that is carried by the diver.
Its mouthpiece is a regulator supplying air at normal atmospheric pressure into a face mask. The diver exhales into the mask and the characteristic stream of bubbles is produced.
1. Open-circuit
1. Open-circuit
“Closed-circuit” scuba: This apparatus involves either pure oxygen or an oxygen-helium mixture. Neither of these techniques is safe without extensive training or preparation.
2. Closed-circuit
“Semiclosed” scuba: These circuits recycle the exhaled oxygen used while diving.
3. Semiclosed Circuit
How To Scuba
How To Scuba
Submersible: small, underwater research vessels
Two common types are AUVs and ROVs◦ The most famous of which
are the Alvin and the Jason
Submersibles
ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle): A robotic device controlled from a distance that is used to explore inhospitable environments such as the deep sea.
AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle): A robotic device programmed to its job independently of direct human control that is also used to explore inhospitable environments such as the deep sea.
ROVs and AUVs
ROVs
ROVs and AUVs
Remote sensing technology: technology used to study the earth and its oceans from afar
track ocean currents, animal migration patterns, natural disasters
Remote Sensing Technology
Research tool designed to be worn by wild animals.
It combines video and audio recording with collection of environmental data such as depth, temperature, and acceleration.
Crittercam
The Crittercam was created in 1986 by marine biologist and filmmaker Greg Marshall
A shark approached Greg during a diving trip off Belize, then disappeared into the murk with three quick strokes of its tail. Greg noticed a remora clinging to the shark.
As Greg watched the shark disappear, it occurred to him that if he could put a camera in the place of the remora, he could see the shark's behavior unfold without disturbing the shark.
Origin of Crittercam
Bull Sharks on Crittercam
Origin of Crittercam
These compact systems allow scientists to study animal behavior without interference by a human observer
Crittercam
There are a constant improvements on this technology, including a new tracking camera called the Shark Cam
Shark Cam
Shark Cam - Return of Jaws - Shark Week 2013
Scientific Method: The set of procedures by which scientists learn about the world◦ Scientific knowledge is
fundamentally derived from the observation of nature
◦ a way to check and verify any one person’s observations
Scientific Method
Theory: refers to a hypothesis that has passed so many tests that it is generally accepted as true◦ it is still subject to rejection if enough evidence
accumulates against it◦ the scientific method still has its limitations
Theories
Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the logical process of induction
Repeat specific observations can lead to important generalizations◦ For example, “the sun always rises in the east”
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions
For example, if organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction)
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning
Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning
