Do Now: Quote Analysis I would rather let the crime of the
guilty go unpunished than punish the innocent. -Justinian 1-2
sentences each: What does this quote mean? Do you agree with
it?
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Chapter 1: The Byzantine Empire
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Constantinople at a Crossroads Constantinople the new capital
of the Byzantine Empire Christians (Byzantines) and Muslims (Arabs
or Turks) often fought over Constantinople
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In 330, Roman emperor Constantine moved the capital of the
Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium Renamed Constantinople Now
known as Istanbul (in Turkey)
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Constantine and His Capital The Roman Empire continued to rule
in Constantinople from 330 until the end of the empire in 476
Christians who lived there were called Byzantines (even though the
citys name was changed from Byzantium) Constantinople was a center
of trade it was the crossroads from Europe to Asia It had large
markets, forums (public squares), paved roads, cathedrals, and
circuses (the major circus was called the Hippodrome) Population:
500,000
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Why all the fighting? Constantinople was close to the land
where Jesus was born and lived (Judaea) so the Christians wanted it
It was also close to the Arabian Peninsula, home of the Muslims
ConstantinopleJudaeaArabian Peninsula
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Plus, Constantinople was a FANTASTIC trading port! If you
control Constantinople, you control a lot of money and commerce
(another word for trade and exchange of money). Why was the
location so perfect for trading?
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Trading Constantinople was built at a crossroads of sea and
land trading routes It is located on the Bosporus, which is a
strait (a narrow channel) that connects the Black Sea and the Sea
of Marmara It also connects to the Mediterranean Sea by way of the
Aegean Sea Europe and Asia meet at the Bosporus The Byzantines grew
rich by taxing the trade that went through Constantinople
Constantinople was known as the Crossroads of Europe and Asia
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The Middle Ages When Rome fell, the Middle Ages began Middle
Ages the period from the fall of the Roman Empire (476) until 1500
(when the Renaissance started) Medieval a term referring to
anything during the Middle Ages The Roman Empire may have fallen,
but a new empire continued in Constantinople: the Byzantine
Empire
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The restored walls of Constantinople
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The Age of Justinian Justinian the first great Byzantine
emperor Ruled from 527-565 Justinians Code An organized collection
and explanation of laws that was used by the Byzantine Empire
Justinian used many ancient Roman laws to shape his law code This
code became the basis for most modern European legal systems
Byzantine culture borrowed culture from the ancient Greeks and
Romans
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Justinian also reclaimed much of the land that had been taken
from the Roman Empire, including parts of North Africa, Italy, and
Spain
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The Empires Later Years Byzantine Christians practiced
Christianity differently than the rest of Europe They did not
follow the pope, the leader of the Catholic church The Byzantine
Christian Church used Greek, but the Roman Catholic Church used
Latin in written copies of the Bible The Byzantine Empire outlawed
the use of praying to a painting or sculpture of saints or other
religious figures, saying that doing so violated Gods commandments,
but Pope Leo II disagreed Because the two sides disputed about so
many different issues, it led to a schism, or a split, in the
Christian church, in 1054 They split into the Roman Catholic Church
in the west and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the east Despite all
the fighting in the church, the Byzantine Empire became wealthier
and more successful
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The Fall of Constantinople Christians and Muslims both lived in
Constantinople, and there was constant fighting between both sides
Turks (Muslims from inland parts of Asia Minor where the country
name Turkey came from) took over Constantinople in 1453 and renamed
it Istanbul
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Section 2: The Beginnings of Islam
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Do Now: On your Guided Notes sheet, write: What do you see in
this picture? What do you think is going on?
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The Arabian Peninsula Islam formed in Arabia Mecca a busy
trading center in Arabia that became the center of the Muslim world
Islam started among a group of people called Bedouins who lived in
Arabia They were nomads people who have no permanent home and move
from place to place They moved in caravans large traveling
groups
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Muhammad Islam was started by the Prophet Muhammad a Bedouin
nomad, in 610 According to Islam, God sent an angel to make
Muhammad his messenger God gave messages to Muhammad to share, and
these teachings formed Islam People who accepted these teachings
became a Muslim Muslims traveled to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia) to
worship at the Kaaba (an ancient shrine, or sacred place) Medina,
north of Mecca, also became an important center for Islam
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Muslim Belief God is called Allah, which is Arabic for God
Muslims pray five times a day At certain times of the day, all
Muslims stop what they are doing to pray Muslims worship at a
mosque a Muslim house of worship
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The Five Pillars of Islam Five Pillars of Islam express basic
Islamic belief 1. Declaration of Faith: Muslims believe that there
is only one God and Muhammad is Gods messenger 2. Prayer: Muslims
must pray five times each day 3. Almsgiving: Muslims must give
alms, or money, to the poor 4. Fasting: Muslims must fast during
daylight during the month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage: Muslims must
make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in their lives, if they are
able
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Quran the holy book of Islam (like the Bible is to Christians)
Contains messages revealed by God to Muhammad Quran teaches that
men and women are equals Gave women more rights, more protection
under the law, and more opportunities for education than ever
before in Arabia Muslims also experienced a schism, based on who
would lead the Muslims Shiites Smaller group, believe that the
Muslim ruler should be a descendent of Muhammad Sunnis Larger group
(85%), believe that the leader of the Muslims did not have to be a
descendent of Muhammad. They believed a group of Muslims should
work together to lead
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Similarities to Christianity and Judaism Muslims worship one
god, just like Christians and Jews Muslims believe that Allah is
the same god that Christians and Jews believe in, who is referred
to in the Bible (Allah simply means God in Arabic) All three have a
holy book Muslims have the Quran Christians have the Bible (Old and
New Testament) Jews have the Tanakh (the Old Testament in the
Bible) Muslims believe in Jesus, but they believe he was an
important prophet, or messenger of God, but not the son of God
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Section 3: Muslim Civilization
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The Spread of Islam Islam spread to North Africa, Spain,
Persia, and China Arab merchants helped to spread Islam Many of the
Christians in Constantinople converted Muslims tolerated other
religions and allowed them to practice their faith, even after they
were conquered
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The Golden Age Golden Age of Islam: 800-1100 Arab world was
very wealthy Caliphs (a Muslim religious leader) helped develop a
wealthy empire Baghdad (in Iraq) became the Muslim center of trade
Advances in math and science Al-Khwarizmi a Muslim mathematician
who helped invent algebra Omar Khayyam Muslim astronomer,
mathematician, and poet Literature Sufis were Muslims who believed
they could draw close to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple
life Sufis used poetry and writing to spread their beliefs
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The Ottoman Empire Muslims from Asia Minor (Turkey) called
Ottomans took over Constantinople in 1453 Renamed the city Istanbul
Sultan a Muslim political ruler Sultan ruled over the entire empire
Ottomans allowed Christians and Jews to practice their
religion
Slide 28
Video Clips on Islam
http://www.history.com/videos/principles-of-islam
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Reflection on Islam: The Muslim World Today
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To conclude our unit on Islam, please write one good paragraph
that includes three things that you learned during our study of
Islam. How do you think that this knowledge will benefit you in the
future?
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Slide 32
Why do you think many of the Muslim countries are located in
the Middle East (near Arabia) and North Africa? Think about where
Islam originated. Reflect and Write
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There are 1.6 billion Muslims around the world (23-25% of the
worlds population!) Where do you think that ranks in size among
world religions? Christianity is the only religion that is bigger
(about 2 billion) Islam is the worlds fastest growing religion From
1900-1970, the Muslim population grew from 200 million to 550
million From 1970 to now, the Muslim population grew from 550
million to 1.6 BILLION!! Worldwide Population
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Indonesia 204 million (88%) Pakistan 178 million (96%) India
177 million (14%) Bangladesh 148 million (90%) Egypt 80 million
(94%) Some countries are made up of 99% Muslims! These countries
include Morocco, Afghanistan, Iran, Tunisia, and Yemen. Countries
with Largest Muslim Population
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Sunnis they originally believed that the leader of the Muslims
should be elected fairly because of their qualifications and
readiness for the job Sunnis make up about 85% of the Muslim
population Shia Muslims they originally believed that the leaders
of the Muslims should always be a direct descendant of Muhammad
Shiites make up 15% of the Muslim population Shiites and
Sunnis
Slide 36
The El-Mursi Abul Abbas Mosque in Egypt Grand Mosque of Kuwait
in Kuwait What do you notice about the architecture of these
mosques? Famous Mosques
Slide 37
Although not all Muslims speak Arabic as their native language,
most at least know some of the Quran in Arabic. This is Allah
written in Arabic as you can see, it is much different from
English! Arabic is written from right to left.
Slide 38
The state with the highest population of Muslims is California.
There are 260,000 Muslims who live there. 120,000 Muslims live
right here in NJ! Islam in the USA