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Chapter10:Human
Development
MajorQues8ons
1. Naturevs.Nurture
2. Qualita8vevs.Quan8ta8ve
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HowisDevPsychInves8gated?
1. Cross-Sec8onalResearch– Comparesmanydifferentagegroupsatone8me
point
2. LongitudinalResearch– Studiesthesamegroupofindividualsover
mul8ple8mepoints
3. Cohort-Sequen8aldesign– Combinescross-sec8onalandlongitudinaldesigns
Pros&ConsofEachDesign
• Cross-sec8onaldesign– Advantage:Quicker!– Disadvantage:Cannotcontrolforoutsidevariables
• Longitudinaldesign– Advantage:Eliminatesoutsidevariables– Disadvantages:Takesaverylong8me,$$$$$
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HowWeDevelop
• DNAisthebuildingblocksofourchromosomes
• Weallhave23pairsofchromosomesineachcell
GenotypeandPhenotype
• Geneotype—Thesumtotalofallthegenesthatapersoninherits
• Phenotype—thewayinwhichthegenesareactuallyexpressedorobservedcharacteris8csofthegenes
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PaZernsofGene8cInheritance
• Wehavetwogenesforeverything(onefrommomandonefromdad)
• Homozygous-genesarealike– Showinheritedtrait
• Heterozygous-genesarenotalike– Genesdukeitouttoseewhichtraitwillappear
WaysGenesInteract
1. DominantRecessive– Dominantgeneeffectscharacteris8c;recessivegenehasnoeffect
• Dominanttraits:darkhair,curlyhair,normalhearingandvision.
• 1,000humancharacteris8cs
2. CodominantorAddi8veGenes– Anumberofgenesinteracttoformaspecifictrait– Skincolor,height
MakingItMoreComplicated
• Onlyafewofourtraitsarediscretetraits– Theproductofasinglegenepair
• Mosthumantraitsarepolygenictraits– Involvethecombinedimpactofmul8plegenes– Mostbehaviorsarepolygene8c
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StagesofPrenatalDevelopment
• GerminalPeriod– 0-2weeks– Startswitheggbeingfer8lized– Endswheneggimplantsintheuterus
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StagesofPrenatalDevelopment
• PeriodoftheEmbryo– 3-8weeks– Allthemajororgansdevelopduringthis8me
StagesofPrenatalDevelopment
• PeriodoftheFetus– 9-38weeks– Rapidgrowth
ThePlacenta
Organ that takes nutrients and oxygen from the mother and sends them to the baby via the umbilical cord
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Teratogen
• Anysubstancethatcausesdamageduringtheprenatalperiod
• Infec8ons/virii• Illegaldrugs• Alcohol• CigareZes• Caffiene
Cri8calPeriods
SensoryCapabili8esatBirth
• Vision-worstsenseatbirth– 20/600vision
• Hearing-bestsenseatbirth– Canrecognizemother’svoice
• Taste-verydevelopedatbirth– Preferssweettaste(breastmilkissweet)
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InfantMotorDevelopment• Newbornshavenovoluntarycontrolovermuscles
• Reflexesareins8nc8veresponsetovariouss8mulionthebody– Blinking -Grasping– Roo8ng -Stepping– Sucking -Babinski– Tonicneck -Moro
• Let’scheckthemout!
InfantBrainDevelopment
• Massivegrowthofdendritesandsynapses.
• 15,000dendritesasecondduringthefirstyearoflife
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InfantBrainDevelopment
• Myeliniza8on-thecoveringofneuronswithasubstancethatspeedsuptransmission
InfantBrainDevelopment
• Synap8cPruninggetsridofunusedconnec8ons
• Wegrow2xasconnec8onsasneeded
GrowthTrendsofInfants
• Cephalocaudal-growthfromthetopdown(headgrowsfasterthanthetorsoandfeet)
• Proximodistal-growthfromtheinsideout(torsogrowsfasterthanthearmsandfingers)
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Piaget’sTheory
• Childrenlearnbyorganizinginforma8onintoschemas
• Assimila8onputsnewinforma8onintoexis8ngschemas
• Accommoda8oncreatesnewschemasfornewinforma8onormajorlyalteredschemas
• Equilibriumiswhenallinforma8onisorganizedintoschemas
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Vygotsky’sSocio-culturalTheory
• Socialinterac8onisvitaltochildren’slearninganddevelopment
• ChildrenlearnbestinZoneofProximalDevelopment
• Childrenlearnbestwhenaparentorteacherhelpsthem(scaffolding)
AZachment
• Emo8onalbondaninfantfeelstowardstheircaregiver
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AZachmentMeasurement• StrangeSitua8onTest
– Motherandbabyplay,strangerentersandthemotherleaves,motherreturns
– Repeatprocess
TypesofAZachment
• SecureAZachment(65%)-infantupsetwhenmomleavesandhappywhenshereturns
• InsecureaZachment(35%)– Avoidant(20%)–showsliZledistressatsepara8on,liZlejoyatreunion
– Resistant(10-15%)–duringsepara8on,upsetatreunion.
– Disorganized(5-10%)–mixtureofavoidantandresistantbehaviors.
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Adolescence
• Physicaldevelopmentandpuberty– Developmentofprimaryandsecondarysexcharacteris8cs
– Primarysexcharacteris8cs-onesthatarepartofthereproduc8vesystem(ovaries,penisandtestes)
– Secondarysexcharacteris8cs-onesthatarenon-reproduc8vebutimportanttogenderiden8fica8on(deepeningofvoice,breasts)
Adulthood
• Whydoweage?– Cellularclocktheory-agingisbuiltintotheircells.– Wearandteartheory-themoremileageweputonourbody,thequickertheywearout.
– Freeradicaltheory-wegetmorefreeradicalsinoursystemcausingmoredamageandagingtoourbodies.