Chapter 10 NotesChapter 10 Notes

AP World HistoryAP World History

I. The Tang Empires, 618-I. The Tang Empires, 618-755755

►A. Tang OriginsA. Tang Origins 1. The Tang Empire was established in 1. The Tang Empire was established in

618.618. 2. Carried out a program of territorial 2. Carried out a program of territorial

expansion, avoided over centralization, expansion, avoided over centralization, and combined Turkic influence with and combined Turkic influence with Chinese Confucian traditions.Chinese Confucian traditions.

►B. Buddhism and the Tang EmpireB. Buddhism and the Tang Empire 1. Emperors used Buddhist Idea that kings 1. Emperors used Buddhist Idea that kings

are spiritual agents who bring their subjects are spiritual agents who bring their subjects into a Buddhist realm.into a Buddhist realm.

2. Buddhist monasteries received tax 2. Buddhist monasteries received tax exemptions, land, and gifts.exemptions, land, and gifts.

3. Mahayna Buddhism and its flexible beliefs 3. Mahayna Buddhism and its flexible beliefs encouraged the adaptation of local deities encouraged the adaptation of local deities into the pantheon.into the pantheon.

4. Buddhism spread following trade routes 4. Buddhism spread following trade routes that converged on Tang capital Chang’an, that converged on Tang capital Chang’an, making it a cosmopolitan city.making it a cosmopolitan city.

►C. Chang’an by Land and SeaC. Chang’an by Land and Sea 1. Had a half a million residents.1. Had a half a million residents. 2. Foreigners lived in speical compounds; urban 2. Foreigners lived in speical compounds; urban

residents lived in walled, gated residential residents lived in walled, gated residential quarters.quarters.

3. Grand Canal brought people and goods into 3. Grand Canal brought people and goods into the city.the city.

4. Islamic and Jewish merchants from Western 4. Islamic and Jewish merchants from Western Asia came to China via the Indian Ocean Trade Asia came to China via the Indian Ocean Trade Routes.Routes.

5. Ships brought goods and the Bubonic plague.5. Ships brought goods and the Bubonic plague.

►D. Trade and Cultural ExchangeD. Trade and Cultural Exchange 1. Tang China combined Turkic and 1. Tang China combined Turkic and

Chinese culture and brought polo, grape Chinese culture and brought polo, grape wine, tea, and spices.wine, tea, and spices.

2. Lost monopoly on silk, but began to 2. Lost monopoly on silk, but began to produce its own cotton, tea, and sugar.produce its own cotton, tea, and sugar.

3. Exported far more than imported with 3. Exported far more than imported with high quality silks and porcelain being high quality silks and porcelain being among its most desired products.among its most desired products.

II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China 600-907and China 600-907

►A. The Uighur and Tibetan EmpiresA. The Uighur and Tibetan Empires 1. Uighur Empire was in Central Asia.1. Uighur Empire was in Central Asia. 2. Combined Islam and China and developed 2. Combined Islam and China and developed

own script and lasted for 50 years.own script and lasted for 50 years. 3. Tibet was a large empire with access to all 3. Tibet was a large empire with access to all

parts of Asia and was open to Indian, parts of Asia and was open to Indian, Chinese, Islamic, and even Greek Culture.Chinese, Islamic, and even Greek Culture.

4. Early relations between Tibet and Tang 4. Early relations between Tibet and Tang was good, but went bad when Tibet allied was good, but went bad when Tibet allied themselves with the southwestern kingdom themselves with the southwestern kingdom of Nanchao against the Tang.of Nanchao against the Tang.

5. In the 95. In the 9thth century, a Tibetan king century, a Tibetan king attempted to eliminate Buddhism but failed.attempted to eliminate Buddhism but failed.

► B. Upheavals and Repression, 750-879B. Upheavals and Repression, 750-879 1. In the late 91. In the late 9thth century Tang broke the power century Tang broke the power

of the Buddhist monasteries and Confucian of the Buddhist monasteries and Confucian ideology was reasserted.ideology was reasserted.

2. This happened because Buddhism was seen 2. This happened because Buddhism was seen as undermining the family system and eroding as undermining the family system and eroding the tax base by accumulating tax-free land and the tax base by accumulating tax-free land and attracting hundreds of thousands of people to attracting hundreds of thousands of people to become monks and nuns.become monks and nuns.

3. Buddhism had supported Wu Zhao, a women 3. Buddhism had supported Wu Zhao, a women to become empress.to become empress.

4. Confucian scholars concocted accounts that 4. Confucian scholars concocted accounts that painted highly critical portraits of Wu Zhao and painted highly critical portraits of Wu Zhao and other influential women in Chinese history.other influential women in Chinese history.

►C. The End of the Tang EmpireC. The End of the Tang Empire 1. Tang collapsed because it relied too 1. Tang collapsed because it relied too

much on provincial governors and they much on provincial governors and they established their own kingdoms.established their own kingdoms.

2. None of these smaller kingdoms were 2. None of these smaller kingdoms were able to integrate territory on the scale of able to integrate territory on the scale of the Tang and communication with the the Tang and communication with the Islamic world and Europe was cut off.Islamic world and Europe was cut off.

III. Emergence of East Asia, to III. Emergence of East Asia, to 12001200

► A. The Liao and Jin ChallengeA. The Liao and Jin Challenge 1. The Liao, Jin, and Chinese Song grew out of 1. The Liao, Jin, and Chinese Song grew out of

the Tang Empire.the Tang Empire. 2. Liao were nomads and settled agriculturalists 2. Liao were nomads and settled agriculturalists

and were of the Kitan ethnic group.and were of the Kitan ethnic group. 3. Liao Empire lasted from 916-1121 and forced 3. Liao Empire lasted from 916-1121 and forced

the Song to give them annual payments of cash the Song to give them annual payments of cash and silk in return for peace.and silk in return for peace.

4. The Song helped the Jurchens of northeast 4. The Song helped the Jurchens of northeast Asia to defeat the Liao and the Jurchens Asia to defeat the Liao and the Jurchens established the Jin Empire and drove the Song established the Jin Empire and drove the Song out of north and central China.out of north and central China.

5. Song continued to reign in south China as the 5. Song continued to reign in south China as the Southern Song Empire (1127-1279).Southern Song Empire (1127-1279).

► B. Song IndustriesB. Song Industries 1. Song made a number of technological innovations 1. Song made a number of technological innovations

in the areas of mathematics, astronomy, and calendar in the areas of mathematics, astronomy, and calendar making.making.

2. In 1088 the engineer Su Song constructed a huge 2. In 1088 the engineer Su Song constructed a huge chain driven clock that told the time and the day of chain driven clock that told the time and the day of the month and indicated the movements of the moon the month and indicated the movements of the moon and certain stars and planets.and certain stars and planets.

3. Made the compass suitable for seafaring.3. Made the compass suitable for seafaring. 4. Introduced the sternpost rudder and watertight 4. Introduced the sternpost rudder and watertight

bulkheads.bulkheads. 5. Introduced a standing, professionally trained, 5. Introduced a standing, professionally trained,

regularly paid military and used iron and steel and regularly paid military and used iron and steel and gunpowder in their wars.gunpowder in their wars.

► C. Economy and Society in Song ChinaC. Economy and Society in Song China 1. Civilian officials dominated society and put a higher value on 1. Civilian officials dominated society and put a higher value on

aesthetic pursuits including a Neo-Confucian philosophy and Zen aesthetic pursuits including a Neo-Confucian philosophy and Zen Buddhism continued to be popular.Buddhism continued to be popular.

2. Civil Service examination system was introduced and allowed 2. Civil Service examination system was introduced and allowed men to be chosen by merit.men to be chosen by merit.

3. With the invention of movable type the Song were able to mass-3. With the invention of movable type the Song were able to mass-produce authorized preparation texts and contributed to produce authorized preparation texts and contributed to dissemination of new agricultural technology which spurred dissemination of new agricultural technology which spurred population growth.population growth.

4. Population rose to 100 million.4. Population rose to 100 million. 5. An interregional credit system called flying money and the 5. An interregional credit system called flying money and the

introduction of government-issued paper money, but it caused introduction of government-issued paper money, but it caused inflation and was later withdrawn.inflation and was later withdrawn.

6. Not able to control the market economy and a new merchant elite 6. Not able to control the market economy and a new merchant elite thrived in the cities and their wealth derived from trade, not land.thrived in the cities and their wealth derived from trade, not land.

7. Women status declined, lost rights to own property, remarriage 7. Women status declined, lost rights to own property, remarriage was forbidden, foot binding became a mark of the elite and was forbidden, foot binding became a mark of the elite and mandatory.mandatory.

IV. New Kingdoms in East IV. New Kingdoms in East AsiaAsia

►A. KoreaA. Korea 1. Korean hereditary elite absorbed 1. Korean hereditary elite absorbed

Confucianism and Buddhism from China Confucianism and Buddhism from China and passed them along to Japan. and passed them along to Japan.

2. The several small Korean kingdoms 2. The several small Korean kingdoms were untied first by Silla in 668 and then were untied first by Silla in 668 and then by Koryo in the early 900s. Korea used by Koryo in the early 900s. Korea used woodblock printing as early as the 700s woodblock printing as early as the 700s and later invented moveable type.and later invented moveable type.

► B. JapanB. Japan 1. Home to hundreds of small states that were unified perhaps 1. Home to hundreds of small states that were unified perhaps

by horse-riding warriors from Korea in the 4by horse-riding warriors from Korea in the 4thth or 5 or 5thth century. century. 2. In the mid 72. In the mid 7thth century, implemented a series of political century, implemented a series of political

reforms to establish a centralized government, legal code, reforms to establish a centralized government, legal code, national histories, architecture, and city planning based on the national histories, architecture, and city planning based on the model of Tang China.model of Tang China.

3. However, they adapted it to the needs of Japan and 3. However, they adapted it to the needs of Japan and maintained their own concept of emperorship and the native maintained their own concept of emperorship and the native religion of Shinto survived.religion of Shinto survived.

4. Women became royal consorts and Suiko reigned as empress 4. Women became royal consorts and Suiko reigned as empress taking over from her husband’s death in 592.taking over from her husband’s death in 592.

5. During the Heian period (794-1185) the Fujiwara clan 5. During the Heian period (794-1185) the Fujiwara clan dominated the Japanese government and civil officials were dominated the Japanese government and civil officials were placed above warriors.placed above warriors.

6. However, by 1000 some warrior clans had become wealthy 6. However, by 1000 some warrior clans had become wealthy and powerful and one clan established the Kamakura Shogunate, and powerful and one clan established the Kamakura Shogunate, with its capital at Kamakura in eastern Honshu.with its capital at Kamakura in eastern Honshu.

►C. VietnamC. Vietnam 1. Geographical proximity and a similar, 1. Geographical proximity and a similar,

irrigated wet-rice agriculture made Vietnam irrigated wet-rice agriculture made Vietnam suitable for integration with southern China.suitable for integration with southern China.

2. The elite of Annam modeled their high 2. The elite of Annam modeled their high culture after the Chinese.culture after the Chinese.

3. The kingdom of Champa exported the fast-3. The kingdom of Champa exported the fast-maturing Champa rice to China.maturing Champa rice to China.

4. Status of women was higher than in China.4. Status of women was higher than in China.