NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-1
CHAPTER 10 FEEDBACK
Chapter Outline10.1 The General Feedback Structure10.2 Some Properties of Negative Feedback10.3 The Four Basic Feedback Topologies10.4 The Feedback Voltage Amplifier (Series-Shunt)10.5 The Feedback Transconductance Amplifier (Series-Series)10.6 The Feedback Transresistance Amplifier (Shunt-Shunt)10.7 The Feedback Current Amplifier (Shunt-Series)10.9 Determining the Loop Gain10.10 The Stability Problem10.11 Effect of Feedback on the Amplifier Poles10.12 Stability Study Using Bode Plots10.13 Frequency Compensation
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-2
10.1 The General Feedback Structure
Feedback amplifierSignal-flow diagram of a feedback amplifier
Open-loop gain: A Feedback factor: Loop gain: A Amount of feedback: 1+A Gain of the feedback amplifier (closed-loop gain):
Negative feedback: The feedback signal xf is subtracted from the source signal xs
Negative feedback reduces the signal that appears at the input of the basic amplifier The gain of the feedback amplifier Af is smaller than open-loop gain A by a factor of (1+A)
The loop gain A is typically large (A >>1): The gain of the feedback amplifier (closed-loop gain) Af 1/ Closed-loop gain is almost entirely determined by the feedback network better accuracy of Af
xf = xs(A)/(1+A) xs error signal xi = xs โ xf
๐ด โก๐ฅ
๐ฅ=
๐ด
1 + ๐ด๐ฝ
10.2 Some Properties of Negative Feedback
Gain desensitivityThe negative feedback reduces the change in the closed-loop gain due to open-loop gain variation
Desensitivity factor: 1+ABandwidth extensionHigh-frequency response of a single-pole amplifier:
Low-frequency response of an amplifier with a dominant low-frequency pole:
Negative feedback: Reduces the gain by a factor of (1+AM) Extends the bandwidth by a factor of (1+AM)
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-3
๐๐ด
๐๐ด=
1
1 + ๐ด๐ฝโ
๐๐ด
๐ด=
1
1 + ๐ด๐ฝ
๐๐ด
๐ด
๐ด ๐ =๐ด
1 + ๐ /๐โ ๐ด ๐ =
๐ด / 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ
1 + ๐ /๐ 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ
๐ด ๐ =๐ ๐ด
๐ + ๐โ ๐ด ๐ =
๐ ๐ด / 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ
๐ + ๐ / 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ
Interference reductionThe signal-to-noise ratio: The amplifier suffers from interference introduced at the input of the amplifier Signal-to-noise ratio: SNR = Vs/Vn
Enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio: Precede the original amplifier A1 by a clean amplifier A2
Use negative feedback to keep the overall gain constant
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-4
๐ = ๐๐ด ๐ด
1 + ๐ด ๐ด ๐ฝ+ ๐
๐ด
1 + ๐ด ๐ด ๐ฝโ ๐๐๐ =
๐
๐๐ด
Reduction in nonlinear distortionThe amplifier transfer characteristic is linearized through the application of negative feedback = 0.01
The gain decreases The input linear range increases
Exercise 9.3Exercise 9.4 Exercise 9.5
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-5
๐ด = 1000 โ ๐ด =๐ด
1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ= 90.9
๐ด = 100 โ ๐ด =๐ด
1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ= 50
10.3 The Four Basic Feedback Topologies
Voltage amplifiersThe most suitable feedback topologies is voltage-mixing and voltage-sampling oneKnown as series-shunt feedback
Example:
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-6
Current amplifiersThe most suitable feedback topologies is current-mixing and current-sampling oneKnown as shunt-series feedback
Example:
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-7
Transconductance amplifiersThe most suitable feedback topologies is voltage-mixing and current-sampling oneKnown as series-series feedback
Example:
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-8
Transresistance amplifiersThe most suitable feedback topologies is current-mixing and voltage-sampling oneKnown as shunt-shunt feedback
Example:
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-9
10.4 The Feedback Voltage Amplifier (Series-Shunt)
Ideal case for series-shunt feedback
Input resistance of the feedback amplifier:Output resistance of the feedback amplifier:Voltage gain of the feedback amplifier (V/V):
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-10
๐ = (1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)๐
๐ = ๐ /(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
๐ด = ๐ด/(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
The practical case for series-shunt feedback
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-11
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-12
Analysis techniques for series-shunt feedback
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-13
Example for series-shunt feedback
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-14
Example for series-shunt feedback
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-15
10.5 The Feedback Transconductance Amplifier (Series-Series)
Ideal case for series-series feedback
Input resistance of the feedback amplifier:Output resistance of the feedback amplifier:Transconductance gain of the feedback amplifier (-1):
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-16
๐ = (1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)๐
๐ = (1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)๐
๐ด = ๐ด/(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
The practical case for series-series feedback
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-17
Analysis techniques for series-series feedback
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-18
10.6 The Feedback Transresistance Amplifier (Shunt-Shunt)
Ideal case for shunt-shunt feedback
Input resistance of the feedback amplifier:Output resistance of the feedback amplifier:Transresistance gain of the feedback amplifier ():
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-19
๐ = ๐ /(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
๐ = ๐ /(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
๐ด = ๐ด/(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
10.7 The Feedback Current Amplifier (Shunt-Series)
Ideal case for shunt-series feedback
Input resistance of the feedback amplifier:Output resistance of the feedback amplifier:Current gain of the feedback amplifier (A/A):
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-20
๐ = ๐ /(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
๐ = (1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)๐
๐ด = ๐ด/(1 + ๐ด๐ฝ)
10.9 Determining the Loop Gain
Analysis of the feedback amplifier using the loop gainIn practical feedback amplifier, the feedback network may cause loading effect on the amplifierAnd, sometimes, it is not easy to determine A and of the feedback amplifierThe loop-gain analysis method is introduced: Identify the feedback network and use it to determine the value of Determine the ideal value of the closed-loop gain Af as 1/, which is considered the upper-
bound value of Af to check the actual value in the calculation Use open-loop analysis with equivalent loading to determine the loop gain A Use the values of loop gain A and to determine the voltage gain A and Af
The value of loop gain determined using the method discussed here may differ somewhat from the value determined by the approach studied in the previous session, but the difference is usually limited to a few percent.
Open-loop analysis with equivalent loading:Remove the external sourceBreak the loop with equivalent loadingProvide test signal Vt
Loop gain:
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-21
๐ด๐ฝ = โ๐
๐
Example
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-22
๐ด๐ฝ = ๐๐ || ๐ + ๐ || ๐ + ๐
๐ || ๐ + ๐ || ๐ + ๐ + ๐ร
๐ || ๐ + ๐
๐ || ๐ + ๐ + ๐ ร
๐
๐ + ๐
โ ๐ด๐ฝ = ๐๐
๐ + ๐ (for ideal op-amp)
Characteristic EquationThe gain of a feedback amplifier can be expressed as a transfer function (function of s) by taking
the frequency-dependent properties into considerationThe denominator determines the poles of the system and the numerator defines the zerosFrom the study of circuit theory, the poles of a circuit are independent of the external excitation,
and the poles or the natural modes can be determined by setting the external excitation to zeroThe characteristic equation and the poles are completely determined by the loop gain
Exercise 9.18
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-23
Transfer function:
Characteristics equation:
๐ด ๐ โก๐ฅ
๐ฅ=
๐ด ๐
1 + ๐ด ๐ ๐ฝ ๐ =
1 + ๐ ๐ + โฏ + ๐ ๐
1 + ๐ ๐ + โฏ + ๐ ๐
1 + ๐ ๐ + โฏ + ๐ ๐ = 0 โ 1 + ๐ด ๐ ๐ฝ ๐
10.10 The Stability Problem
Transfer function of the feedback amplifierTransfer functions: Open-loop transfer function: A(s) Feedback transfer function: (s) Closed-loop transfer function: Af (s)
For physical frequencies s = j
Loop gain:Evaluating the close-loop stability by the frequency response of the loop gain L(j): For loop gain smaller than unity at 180:Becomes positive feedbackClosed-loop gain becomes larger than open-loop gainThe feedback amplifier is still stable For loop gain equal to unity at 180:The amplifier will have an output for zero input (oscillation) For loop gain larger than unity at 180:Oscillation with a growing amplitude at the output
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-24
๐ด ๐ =๐ด ๐
1 + ๐ด ๐ ๐ฝ ๐
๐ด ๐๐ =๐ด ๐๐
1 + ๐ด ๐๐ ๐ฝ ๐๐
๐ฟ ๐๐ โก ๐ด ๐๐ ๐ฝ ๐๐ = |๐ด ๐ ๐ฝ ๐ |๐ ( )
The Nyquist plotA plot used to evaluate the stability of a feedback amplifierPlot the loop gain L(j) versus frequency on the complex planeMagnitude decreases as frequency increasesPhase decreases as frequency increases due to the poles (final phase depends on number of poles)Stability: The plot does not encircle the point (-1, 0) The magnitude of loop gain has to be less than unity when phase reaches -180 The system is more likely to become unstable as increases
Exercise 9.20
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-25
Magnitude=A0 (increases with )
10.11 Effect of Feedback on the Amplifier Poles
Stability and pole locationThe stability can be evaluated by the poles of the closed-loop transfer functionThe poles have to be in the left half of the s-plane to ensure stabilityConsider an amplifier with a pole pair at The transient response contains the terms of the form
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-26
๐ฃ ๐ก = ๐ ๐ + ๐ = 2๐ cos (๐ ๐ก)
๐ = ๐ ยฑ ๐๐
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-27
Poles of the feedback amplifierCharacteristic equation: 1+A(s)(s) = 0The feedback amplifier poles are obtained by solving the characteristic equation
Amplifier with single-pole response
The feedback amplifier is still a single-pole systemThe pole moves away from origin in the s-plane as feedback ( ) increasesThe bandwidth is extended by feedback at the cost of a reduction in gainUnconditionally stable system (the pole never enters the right-half plane)
๐ด ๐ =๐ด
1 + ๐ /๐โ ๐ด ๐ =
๐ด / 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ
1 + ๐ /๐ 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ
๐ = ๐ 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-28
Amplifier with two-pole responseFeedback amplifier
Still a two-pole systemCharacteristic equation
The closed-loop poles are given by
The plot of poles versus is called a root-locus diagramUnconditionally stable system (the pole never enters the right-half plane)
๐ด ๐ =๐ด
1 + ๐ /๐ 1 + ๐ /๐โ ๐ด ๐ =
๐ด(๐ )
1 + ๐ด(๐ )๐ฝ=
๐ด
1 + ๐ /๐ 1 + ๐ /๐ + ๐ด ๐ฝ
๐ + ๐ ๐ + ๐ + 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ ๐ ๐ = 0
๐ = โ1
2๐ + ๐ ยฑ
1
2๐ + ๐ โ 4 1 + ๐ด ๐ฝ ๐ ๐
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-29
Amplifier with three or more polesRoot-locus diagram:
As increases, the two poles become coincident and then become complex and conjugateA value of exists at which this pair of complex-conjugate poles enters the right half of the s planeThe feedback amplifier is stable only if does not exceed a maximum valueFrequency compensation is adopted to ensure the stability
Exercise 9.22Exercise 9.23
10.12 Stability Study Using Bode Plots
Gain and phase marginThe stability of a feedback amplifier is determined by examining its loop gain as a function of
frequency L(j)= L(j)(j)One of the simplest means is through the use of Bode plot for AStability is ensured if the magnitude of the loop gain is less than unity at a frequency shift of 180Gain margin: The difference between the value | A | of at 180 and unity Gain margin represents the amount by which the loop gain can be increased while maintaining
stabilityPhase margin: A feedback amplifier is stable if the phase is
less than 180 at a frequency for which | A | =1 A feedback amplifier is unstable if the phase is
in excess of 180 at a frequency for which | A | =1 The difference between the phase at a frequency
(1) for which | A | =1 and -180
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-30
Effect of phase margin on closed-loop responseConsider a feedback amplifier with a large low-frequency loop gain (A0 >> 1)The closed-loop gain at low frequencies is approximately 1/Denoting the frequency at which | A | = 1 by 1: A(j1) = 1e-j and - = 180 - phase margin
Closed-loop gain at 1 peaks by a factor of 1.3 above the low-frequency gain for phase margin of 45This peaking increases as the phase margin is reduced, eventually reaching infinite when the phase
margin is zero (sustained oscillations)
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-31
Closed-loop gain
(1) PM = 90 (- = -90) |Af(1)| = 0.707(1/)(2) PM = 60 (- = -120) |Af(1)| = 1(1/)(3) PM = 45 (- = -135) |Af(1)| = 1.3(1/)
๐ด ๐ = 0 =๐ด
1 + ๐ด ๐ฝโ
1
๐ฝ
๐ด ๐ = ๐ =๐ด(๐๐ )
1 + ๐ด(๐๐ )๐ฝ=
1
๐ฝร
๐
1 + ๐
|๐ด ๐ = ๐ | =1
๐ฝร
1
|1 + ๐ |
An alternative approach for investigating stabilityIn a Bode plot, the difference between 20log|A(j)| and 20log(1/) is 20log|A |Example:
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-32
(a) = 0.0000561/ = 17782 (85 dB)f0-dB = 5.6105 Hz(f0-dB) = -108PM = 72-180 = -90-tan-1(f180/106) -tan-1(f180/107)f180 = 3.17106 Hz|A(f180)| = 60 dBGM = 25 dB
(b) = 0.003161/ = 316 (50 dB)f0-dB > f180 (Unstable)
๐ด ๐ =10
1 + ๐๐
101 + ๐
๐10
1 + ๐๐
10
๐ ๐ = โ ๐ก๐๐๐
10+ ๐ก๐๐
๐
10+ ๐ก๐๐
๐
10
10.13 Frequency Compensation
Theory Modify the open-loop transfer function A(s) so that the closed-loop amplifier is stable for a given
closed-loop gainThe simplest method for frequency compensation is to introduce a new pole at sufficiently low
frequency fD
The disadvantage of introducing a new pole at lower frequency is the significant bandwidth reduction
Alternatively, the dominant pole can be shifted to a lower frequency f D such that the amplifier is compensated without introducing a new pole
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-33
Increase the time-constant of the dominant pole by adding additional capacitanceAdd external capacitance CC at the node which contributes to a dominant poleThe required value of CC is usually quite large, making it unsuitable for IC implementation
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-34
Assume Rx = 1.6 M and Cx = 1 pF: fP1 = 105 HzFor f D = 103 Hz, the required CC is 99 pF
๐ =1
2๐๐ ๐ถ
๐ =1
2๐๐ (๐ถ + ๐ถ )
Miller compensation and pole splittingMiller effect equivalently increase the capacitance by a factor of voltage gainUse miller capacitance for compensation can reduce the need for large capacitance
Pole splitting: as Cf increases, low-frequency pole reduces and high-frequency pole increasesIt is desirable in terms of phase margin The phase margin of an open-loop op amp defines the worst-case phase margin of a closed-loop
amplifier with = 1 (loop gain A = A)
NTUEE Electronics โ L.H. Lu 10-35
๐ =1
2๐๐ ๐ถ
๐
๐ผ=
๐ ๐ถ โ ๐ ๐ ๐
1 + ๐ ๐ถ ๐ + ๐ถ ๐ + ๐ถ ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ +๐ + ๐ ๐ถ ๐ถ + ๐ถ ๐ถ + ๐ถ ๐ ๐
๐ =1
2๐๐ ๐ถ
๐ =1
2๐
1
๐ ๐ถ + ๐ ๐ถ + ๐ถ ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ + ๐ โ
1
2๐
1
๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ถ
๐ =1
2๐
๐ ๐ถ
๐ถ ๐ถ + ๐ถ ๐ถ + ๐ถ ๐ถ