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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

Microbiology

B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein

AN INTRODUCTIONEIGHTH EDITION

TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE

Chapter 10, part AClassification of Microorganisms

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Taxonomy

• Taxonomy

• The science of classifying organisms

• Provides universal names for organisms

• Provides a reference for identifying organisms

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Taxonomy

• Systematics or phylogeny

• The study of the evolutionary history of organisms

• All Species Inventory (2001-2025)

• To identify all species of life on Earth

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Taxonomy

• 1735 Plant and Animal Kingdoms

• 1857 Bacteria & fungi put in the Plant Kingdom

• 1866 Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa, algae, & fungi

• 1937 "Prokaryote" introduced for cells "without a nucleus"

• 1961 Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a

nuclear membrane

• 1959 Kingdom Fungi

• 1968 Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed

• 1978 Two types of prokaryotic cells found

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The Three-Domain System

Table 10.1

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The Three-Domain System

Figure 10.1

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Figure 10.3Figure 10.2

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Scientific Names

Scientific binomial Source of Genus name Source of Specific epithet

Kbebsiella pneumoniae Honors Edwin Klebs The disease

Pfiesteria piscicida Honors Lois Pfiester Disease in fish

Salmonella typhimurium Honors Daniel Salmon Stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)

Streptococcus pyogenes Chains of cells (strepto-) Forms pus (pyo-)

Penicillium notatum Tuftlike (penicill-) Spores spread in wind (nota)

Trypanosoma cruzi Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-body)

Honors Oswaldo Cruz

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Taxonomic Hierarchy

Figure 10.5

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Species Definition

• Eukaryotic species:

• A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

• Prokaryotic species:

• A population of cells with similar characteristics

• Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell

• Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone

• Viral species:

• Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

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• Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

• Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

• Fungi: Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

• Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

Domain Eukarya

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Prokaryotes

Figure 10.6

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References

•• Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology•Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

•Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests

•• Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology•Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea

•Based on rRNA sequencing

•• Approved Lists of Bacterial Names•Lists species of known prokaryotes

•Based on published articles

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Identification Methods

• Morphological characteristics: Useful for identifying eukaryotes

• Differential staining: Gram staining, acid-fast staining

• Biochemical tests: Determines presence of bacterial enzymes

Figure 10.8

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