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Chapter 10
Proposals: Formulating and
Solving Problems
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Chapter overview
• This chapter looks at the genre of proposals. They are a form of problem solving, and the introduction mentions several common forms, such as the grant proposal.
• The chapter presents readings, discusses components of proposals, and presents them as a form of persuasive writing.
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Proposals have a dual purpose:
• They describe a plan of action.
• They try to persuade the readers that these plans should be implemented.
• This means that the proposal must inform readers about a problem and propose (argue for) a solution.
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Many examples in real life
• Business & Industry
• Government
• Education
All share a problem-solving mindset:
• Gather data, look at options, and determine the “best” choice
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Your own life
What are you going to do this weekend?
• Eat out? Go to a concert? Rent videos and get pizza? Help a friend move?
• You will need to gather data and makea decision.
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Sample Proposals, Gelbspan
• Ross Gelbspan, pages 320-322, “Rx for an Ailing Planet” on climate change.
• Analysis follows on page 322.
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Sample proposals, Trimbur
• Lucia Trimbur, pages 323-328, on Amateur Boxers and their Trainers.
• Analysis follows on page 329.
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Sample proposals, Botstein
• Leon Botstein, pages 329-331,“Let Teenagers Try Adulthood”
• Analysis follows on page 331.
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What is a research proposal?
• In a sense, whenever a teacher asks you to write a short memo or e-mail, and attach a list of sources that you intend to use in a paper, it is a research proposal.
• This serves as a starting point for discussing your ideas, your sources, and your overall plan for writing the paper.
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Public Campaigns
• Student Labor Action Project, page 332, “2006 National Student Labor Week of Action”
• An example of a public campaign organzied over the Internet
• See the full proposal at http://www.jwj.org/projects/slap/week.html
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Visual Design
• See The Be Green Neighborhood Association’s “Proposal for a Neighborhood Street Tree Program” on page 333.
• Compare the combination of visuals and text used by The Be Green Neighborhood Association with the essay form of Gelbspan and Botstein and the fieldwork form of Trimbur.
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Writing Assignment
• Write an essay proposing a solution toa problem.
• Your instructor will let you know if your class will be doing this particular assignment, and provide you with additional guidelines.
• See page 339 for options and details.
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Invention strategies
Lists five steps, page 340.
• Take inventory of issues.
• Identify positions for issues.
• Think nationally and internationally.
• Narrow your choices down to three promising ideas, and then choose one.
• Decide on your audience.
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Analyzing background research
• The text analyzes a problem, breaks it down, and looks at possible solutions
• The text suggests using a simple chart.
• It presents a list of four question.
• It suggests five steps to look at the proposed solutions.
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Analysis of sample essays
• Looks at the way that the readings in the chapter presented the problem and explained the proposed solution.
• In the case of the boxing proposal, about one-third is concerned with presenting the problem, and about half consists of explaining the solution. In contrast, Jenkins uses 80 percent of his essay to describe the problem and only 7 percent to the solution.
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Developing an outline
• See the guidelines for developing a working outline, pages 343-344.
• Statement of the problem
• Description of the solution
• Explanation of reasons
• Ending
• You can’t do this sort of paper without a plan, and an outline will keep you organized.
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Drafting and peer review
• Use the outline to write your first draft.
• Be sure to define the problem and link the proposed solutions in a “logical and compelling way” (page 344).
• Then exchange drafts with a classmate, using the five questions on pages 344-345 to guide you in giving feedback to each other.
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Revising your draft
Once you have received feedback, revise as necessary. The chapter gives an example of an early draft, and points out two things:
• The proposal spends an equal amount of time on the problem and the solution.
• The draft doesn’t separate the problem from the solution.
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Sample proposal
• See pages 380-382 for a student sample; this was actually written by three students working together.
• It includes a discussion of the problem as well as a proposal for a solution, cites sources, and uses headers.
• It’s done in APA style, so the list of sources is called References, not Works Cited.
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Student’s commentary
• The three students comment on their draft on page 350.
• It presents three questions, page 351.
• It suggests that you have a meeting to evaluate your work, if done collaboratively.
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In conclusion
• Pick a problem that interests you.
• Use a variety of sources: print, people, and Web.
• Work from an outline to draft your essay.
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Student Companion Website
• Go to the student side of the Web site for exercises, chapter overviews, and links to writing resources for this chapter:
http://college.hmco.com/pic/trimbur4e