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Chapter 10 Proposals: Formulating and Solving Problems.

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Chapter 10 Proposals: Formulating and Solving Problems
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Page 1: Chapter 10 Proposals: Formulating and Solving Problems.

Chapter 10

Proposals: Formulating and

Solving Problems

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Chapter overview

• This chapter looks at the genre of proposals. They are a form of problem solving, and the introduction mentions several common forms, such as the grant proposal.

• The chapter presents readings, discusses components of proposals, and presents them as a form of persuasive writing.

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Proposals have a dual purpose:

• They describe a plan of action.

• They try to persuade the readers that these plans should be implemented.

• This means that the proposal must inform readers about a problem and propose (argue for) a solution.

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Many examples in real life

• Business & Industry

• Government

• Education

All share a problem-solving mindset:

• Gather data, look at options, and determine the “best” choice

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Your own life

What are you going to do this weekend?

• Eat out? Go to a concert? Rent videos and get pizza? Help a friend move?

• You will need to gather data and makea decision.

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Sample Proposals, Gelbspan

• Ross Gelbspan, pages 320-322, “Rx for an Ailing Planet” on climate change.

• Analysis follows on page 322.

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Sample proposals, Trimbur

• Lucia Trimbur, pages 323-328, on Amateur Boxers and their Trainers.

• Analysis follows on page 329.

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Sample proposals, Botstein

• Leon Botstein, pages 329-331,“Let Teenagers Try Adulthood”

• Analysis follows on page 331.

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What is a research proposal?

• In a sense, whenever a teacher asks you to write a short memo or e-mail, and attach a list of sources that you intend to use in a paper, it is a research proposal.

• This serves as a starting point for discussing your ideas, your sources, and your overall plan for writing the paper.

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Public Campaigns

• Student Labor Action Project, page 332, “2006 National Student Labor Week of Action”

• An example of a public campaign organzied over the Internet

• See the full proposal at http://www.jwj.org/projects/slap/week.html

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Visual Design

• See The Be Green Neighborhood Association’s “Proposal for a Neighborhood Street Tree Program” on page 333.

• Compare the combination of visuals and text used by The Be Green Neighborhood Association with the essay form of Gelbspan and Botstein and the fieldwork form of Trimbur.

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Writing Assignment

• Write an essay proposing a solution toa problem.

• Your instructor will let you know if your class will be doing this particular assignment, and provide you with additional guidelines.

• See page 339 for options and details.

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Invention strategies

Lists five steps, page 340.

• Take inventory of issues.

• Identify positions for issues.

• Think nationally and internationally.

• Narrow your choices down to three promising ideas, and then choose one.

• Decide on your audience.

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Analyzing background research

• The text analyzes a problem, breaks it down, and looks at possible solutions

• The text suggests using a simple chart.

• It presents a list of four question.

• It suggests five steps to look at the proposed solutions.

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Analysis of sample essays

• Looks at the way that the readings in the chapter presented the problem and explained the proposed solution.

• In the case of the boxing proposal, about one-third is concerned with presenting the problem, and about half consists of explaining the solution. In contrast, Jenkins uses 80 percent of his essay to describe the problem and only 7 percent to the solution.

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Developing an outline

• See the guidelines for developing a working outline, pages 343-344.

• Statement of the problem

• Description of the solution

• Explanation of reasons

• Ending

• You can’t do this sort of paper without a plan, and an outline will keep you organized.

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Drafting and peer review

• Use the outline to write your first draft.

• Be sure to define the problem and link the proposed solutions in a “logical and compelling way” (page 344).

• Then exchange drafts with a classmate, using the five questions on pages 344-345 to guide you in giving feedback to each other.

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Revising your draft

Once you have received feedback, revise as necessary. The chapter gives an example of an early draft, and points out two things:

• The proposal spends an equal amount of time on the problem and the solution.

• The draft doesn’t separate the problem from the solution.

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Sample proposal

• See pages 380-382 for a student sample; this was actually written by three students working together.

• It includes a discussion of the problem as well as a proposal for a solution, cites sources, and uses headers.

• It’s done in APA style, so the list of sources is called References, not Works Cited.

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Student’s commentary

• The three students comment on their draft on page 350.

• It presents three questions, page 351.

• It suggests that you have a meeting to evaluate your work, if done collaboratively.

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In conclusion

• Pick a problem that interests you.

• Use a variety of sources: print, people, and Web.

• Work from an outline to draft your essay.

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Student Companion Website

• Go to the student side of the Web site for exercises, chapter overviews, and links to writing resources for this chapter:

http://college.hmco.com/pic/trimbur4e


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