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Chapter 10 section 2
KEY TERMS:1. Arbitration2. Yellow Journalism3. Jingoism4. Rough Riders5. Treaty of Paris6. “unincorporated” territories7. Teller Amendment8. Platt Amendment9. Foraker Act 190010. Jones Act 191711. Spheres of influence12. Open Door Policy13. Righteous and Harmonious
Fists
KEY PEOPLE:1. General Valeriano Weyler2. Journalist Jose Marti3. Joseph Pulitzer4. William Randolph Hearst5. Spanish ambassador
Dupuy de Lome6. Assistant Secretary of the
Navy Theodore Roosevelt7. Emilio Aguinaldo8. General Leonard Wood9. Major Walter Reed10. Queen Liliuokalani11. Sanford B. Dole12. Secretary of State John Hay
Chapter 10 section 2
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. How did the activities of the United States in Latin
America set the stage for war with Spain?2. What were the events leading up to and following the
Spanish-American War?3. What challenges did the United States face after the
war?4. Why did the United States seek to gain influence in the
Pacific?
THE BIG IDEAA swift victory in the Spanish-American War confirmed thestatus of the United States as a world power, but it leftsome people arguing over how to govern newly acquiredterritories.
Chapter 10 section 2
As a Team, answer the following the questions and be prepare to share
your answers with the class:
When do you believe it is acceptable policy for the United States to go
to war?
- When American interests are in danger.
- When American citizens are in danger.
- When an American ally has been attacked.
- When the United States has been attacked.
- When the United States has support from other nations.
- When victory is probable.
- When essential resources are at stake.
- When principals of freedom and liberty are at stake.
- No reason is needed.
- No reason is good enough to declare war.
As an individual, rank the top three reasons to go to war.
As a Team, answer the following the question and be prepare to share
your answer with the class:
The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War
This article will provide the context for American interest in Cuba prior to our
military intervention in 1898.
Give several examples of the geographic, economic, and political
connections between the United States and Cuba prior to our military
intervention in 1898?
After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War, create a graphic organizer highlighting the Causes of the war.
Geography Economic Political
Geography Economic Political
A port for slaves Ostend Manifesto -attempted to purchasethe Island from Spain in 1854.
A source of sugar
To smuggle slaves into the U.S.
Important as a gate-way to the Gulf of Mexico.
To protect the Western Hemisphere
Spanish descent causedAmerican policy makersto fear other Europeancountries taking overformer Spanish colonies
50 million had been invested in Cuba by 1895
U.S. imported 90% of thesugar produced in Cuba.100 million in economic activity
Monroe DoctrineCuban rebels burned sugar fields and destroyedrefining mills to convinceAmerica to reduce the Wilson-Gorman Tariff
1896 Pres. Cleveland Urged neutrality
Congress recognized theCuba Libre movement andwanted the Pres. to seekCuban independence.
After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War - create a graphic organizer highlighting the Causes of the war and the spark that ignited the war .
Causes of the Spanish-American War.
After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War - create a graphic organizer highlighting the Causes of the war and the spark that ignited the war .
Causes of the Spanish-American War.
Foreign policy considerationsConnected to the Monroe Doctrine
Business interests relating to sugar
The legacy of the American Revolution
The actions taken by Cuban insurgents in 1895 prompted theAmerican public and gov’t to formulatea response to Cuban independence
de Lome criticizing President McKinley
Yellow Journalism
The Spark;The sinking of the
USS Maine
Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American WarDocument 1 – A Speech by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
1. List three specific reasons Lodge provides to justify American involvement in Cuba.
a. Citizens of Cuba are fighting a revolution against oppression, just like Americans did during the American Revolution.
b. Cubans believe in civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, and press, just like Americans do.
c. A free Cuba offers a great market for American businesses.d. A free Cuba will protect American interests in the Caribbean.
/
2. How does Lodge attempt to persuade people to adopt his argument?Lodge makes analogies between the events in Cuba and the American RevolutionHe describes the situation with vivid terms like oppression, sympathy, principles, and opportunity. /
3. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel were the most persuasive?
Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American War
Document 2 – Headlines from the New York World1. List four specific reasons the headlines provide to justify
American involvement in Cuba.a. There is a Crisis in Cuba.b. Americans are in dangerc. The crisis is a result of “Spanish Treachery”d. The Maine was destroyed by “outsiders”e. President McKinley suspects a “Spanish plot” /
2. How do the editors of the New York World attempt to persuade their readers to adopt their argument?The newspaper attempts to directly connect the explosion on
the Maine with actions taken by the Spanish.They quote support from the British, provide a picture of the explosion, and supply direct quotations from sailors on the ship.
3. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel were the most persuasive?
Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American War
Document 3 – Letter from Spanish Deputy Enrique de Lome to a Friend in Cuba
1. List the one reason that the letter might influence people to want war with Spain.
The letter questions the leadership abilities of the U.S. president and paints a derogatory picture of the president.
2. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel were the most persuasive?
As a team, use the documents and share events that influenced the
American decision to go to war.
1. The rebellion of the Cubans against Spanish rule (document 1)
2. The treatment of the Cubans by Spanish in general and General
Weyler in particular (document 2)
3. The de Lome letter’s criticisms of President McKinley (document 3)
4. The sinking of the Maine (document 2)
5. The coverage of these events by the media (yellow journalism)
(document 2)
Based on the list we created about reasons that justify the use
to American military, which of the criteria do you believe were satisfied
March 1898?
Responses should include
When American interests are in danger
When American citizens are in danger
When an American ally has been attacked
When the U.S. has been attacked
When essential resources are at stake /
How were the events such as the Cuban-Spanish War and the sinking
of the Maine depicted in the press?
Flowery language (yellow press) used by the newspapers such as
“atrocities, tortured, horrors, and shock.”
Large headlines, graphic cartoons, and constant coverage of only one side of the issue. /
How influential might the press coverage have been on American
decision makers?
Although the press coverage was biased and at times overwhelming, it
was the actual events that drew the U.S. closer to war and the press
coverage took advantage of the events that had occurred.
What do you believe led to the American declaration of war against
Spain?
Answers should reflect the multiple causality of the event, rather than a simplistic attribution of the cause of the war to one single event.
Geographic importance of Cuba
The economic ties between the U.S. and Cuba
Cuba’s revolution against oppression (colonial rule)
The de Lome Letter
Explosion of the USS Maine
The coverage of the events by the media
HEARSTPULITZER
CARTOON SHOWS THE TWO PUBLISHERS ARE PARTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR.
Country Dispute Results
1891 Chilean mob attacked U.S. gov’t forced Chile to
U.S. sailors on shore leave. Pay $75,000 to the
They killed 2 Americans & sailors families.
injured 17 others.
A rebellion threatened the Pres. Cleveland ordered
friendly republican gov’t of naval units to Rio de
Brazil. Janeiro to protect U.S.
shipping interests. This
broke the rebellion.
British Guiana & Venezuela U.S. demanded Britain
had a border dispute. Acknowledge the Monroe
Mineral wealth in border Doctrine submit to
area. arbitration. Britain agrees.
Germany a concern -
needs friendly U.S.
Chile
Brazil
Venezuela
1. How did the activities of the United States in Latin America set the stage for war with Spain?
The Spanish – American War
How did the Cuban Rebellion, Yellow Journalism, and jingoism influence Americans’ views of the Cuban Rebellion?
Influence on Americans’ view of the Cuban Revolution
Spain sent troops & Gen. Weyler. “Reconcentration”policy instituted – 200,000 dead Cubans. The U.S.
would not intervene. Cuban guerrillas destroyed U.S.
sugar plantations-U.S. business owners increasedpressure on the government to act.
Demands for U.S. intervention from newspapers. Their sensational headlines and stories whipped
upU.S. public opinion in favor of the rebels.
Sensational stories led to an intense burst of national pride & desire for an aggressive foreign policy.
Cuban Rebellion
Yellow Journalism
Jingoism
•Role of media
•U.S.S. Maine
•War in Cuba
•Teller amendment
•Philippines
•Differing opinions on imperialism
PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT
THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
CUBA
Florida
YELLOW JOURNALISM
CARTOON WHERE THE TERM “YELLOW JOURNALISM” CAME FROM
IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS PROVIDED THE PUBLIC WITH INFORMATION. PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH. PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE NEWSPAPERS. SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION.
NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH ATROCITIES TOWARDS THE CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN
SPANISH GENERAL WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A “BUTCHER” IN THE US FOR HIS TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE
The U.S. public was especially sympathetic towards women in Cuba. Hearst focused on a young woman, known in the United States as Evangelina Cisneros, who was imprisoned in Havana. Petitions for her freedom were signed by prominent U.S. women and the pope, and addressed to the Queen regent of Spain. Evangelina managed to escape with the help of correspondent Karl Decker, who probably bribed her guards. The story presented to the public was that of a heroic "journalist that acts."
ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15TH,
1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR.
USS MAINE IN HAVANA, CUBA HARBOR
Yellow journalists were quick to blame the Spanish
YELLOW JOURNALISTS WERE QUICK TO PUT THE BLAME ON SPAIN BUT LATER RESEARCH SHOWED IT WAS PROBABLY AN ACCIDENT.
What is the message of this cartoon?
Spain is represented as an animal who has murdered the soldiers in the background. He is stepping on the U.S. flag while standing on a grave of a U.S.S. Maine sailor. His blood soaked hand on the tombstone suggests Spain was responsible for the deaths of American sailors.
Teller Amendment, 1898Joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect. Whereas the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating, as they have, in the destruction of a United States battle ship, with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and can not longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United States in his message to Congress of April eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, upon which the action of Congress was invited:Therefore, Resolved, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, of right ought to be, free and independent.
Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several States, to such extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.
Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said Island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the Island to its people.
THIS AMENDMENT DECLARED THE INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA AFTER THE WAR.
The Spanish American WarCreate a graphic organizer on the causes of the Spanish American War. Make sure to use a title for the graphic organizer.
Spanish – American War Time Line
Jan.1898 Feb. 1898 Feb.15, 1898
Feb.25, 1898 March 1898
Apr. 11, 1898
Apr. 20, 1898
Riots erupted in Havana, Cuba. Pres. McKinley sentU.S.S. Maine to protect U.S. citizens & property.
Spanish ambassador Dupuy de Lome letter ridiculedMcKinley. Intensified anti-Spanish sentiments.
An explosion sank the Maine-killed 250 U.S. sailors.Americans blamed Spain.
T. Roosevelt cabled naval commanders in the Pacific toattack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war with Spain.
McKinley sent a list of demands to Spain. Spain acceptedall but the last demand – Cuban independence.
McKinley sent a war message to Congress. “Remember the Maine!”
Although Cuba was not a U.S. territory, Congress issued aResolution declaring Cuba independent & demandingSpain leave the island within three days. Teller Amendment
May 1, 1898
Jun.22, 1898
July 1, 1898
July 3, 1898
Aug. 12, 1898
Aug. 13, 1898
Dec. 1898
Feb. 1899
Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish shipsin Manila Bay. U.S. warships bottled up Spain in Santiago.
Landing on this day, the U.S. troops captured the hillsaround the main Spanish forces at Santiago.
Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a charge up San JuanHill, a famous incident of the war.
Spanish fleet made a desperate attempt to escape Santiago.The U.S. Navy sank every Spanish ship.
After U.S. troops invaded Spanish held Puerto Rico,Spain signed a cease-fire agreement.
U.S. troops & Filipino rebels led by Emilio AguinaldoTook control of the Philippine capital, Manila.
U.S. & Spain sign the Treaty of Paris. Spain recognizedCuba’s independence. $20million U.S. gains Philippines,Puerto Rico, and Guam.
The U.S. Senate ratified the Treaty, but not without great Debate.
Troops mobilizing for war
MAP OF THE FIGHTING IN THE CUBAN CAMPAIGN FROM THE WEST POINT ATLAS OF AMERICAN WAR.
Soldiers breaking down camp
Members of the 17th U.S. Infantry break camp on the morning of June 30, 1898, in preparation for their move on El Caney, Cuba. Rising over the hill in the background is the Signal Corps observation balloon.
US GATLING GUNS: AN EARLY TYPE OF MACHINE GUN
THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH RIDERS” IN CUBA
BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE
ARMY NURSES DURING THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SUGGEST IS THE SITUATION FOR THE CUBANS?
IF SHE (CUBA) JUMPS FROM THE FRYING PAN SHE WILL LEAP INTO THE FIRE. THIS IS THE JUSTIFICATION THAT WAS USED TO TAKE OVER THE RULE OF CUBA AFTER THE SPANISH WERE DEFEATED.
US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES
US MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
US DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY
ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
U.S.S. Olympia, Penn’s Landing, Philadelphia
"New Navy" of the 1880s and 1890s designed to correct the deficiencies of a weakened and neglected naval force. This program was directly responsible for the rise of the steel shipbuilding industry of the United States. Olympia is the last remaining ship built during that program and the sole surviving naval combatant of the Spanish-American War."
"The oldest steel-hulled American warship afloat, the U.S.S. Olympia served as Commodore George Dewey's flagship during the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.
AMERICAN EXPANSION
Identify and explain how and why the U.S. gained or had influence in
certain territories following The Spanish-American War.
Areas gained or Explain how and why the U.S. gained or had
had influence in influence in certain territories.
Teller Amendment. To protect U.S. business interests
Pres. McKinley installed a military gov’t. (3 years).
U.S. military gov’t authorized Cuba to draft a constitution.
U.S. gov’t only agreed to remove its troops if the Cubans
included provisions outlined in the Platt Amendment.
The U.S. gained control of Guam as a result of the Peace
Treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. To be
used as a refueling station and military base to protect
U.S. interest in the Pacific.
Cuba
Guam
US OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH COLONIAL POSSESSIONS
GUAM AND PUERTO RICO ISLANDS taken over by The U.S. after the Spanish-American War
AMERICAN EXPANSIONIdentify and explain how and why the U.S. gained or had influence incertain territories following The Spanish-American War.
Unlike Cuba, Puerto Rico did not become
independent. The U.S. maintained a military gov’t until 1900. The Foraker Act 1900 established a civil gov’t, still under U.S. control. / To stem a growing independence movement, the U.S. gov’t granted Puerto Ricans
American citizenship – Jones Act 1917. Puerto Ricans could elect their local legislatures, the
U.S. retained the power to appoint key officials.
Pres. McKinley – “They were unfit for self-gov’t, we must educate, uplift and civilize and Christianize them.” Warned that if the U.S. did not act first, European powers might. Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines a republic, the U.S. ignored him. A bitter three year war followed. Gained independence in 1946.
Areas gained or Explain how and why the U.S. gained or had had influence in influence in certain territories.
Puerto Rico
The Philippines
WHO DO THE FIGURES REPRESENT?
WHAT IS LADY LIBERTY SHOWING BY PARTING THE CURTAINS ON EVENTS IN THE U.S.?
EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS AN ANTI-IMPERIALIST CARTOON.
United States wants to expand in Latin America and Pacific.
In Cuba and Philippines, people rebel against Spanish rule.
Demands for involvement from American expansionists and newspapers.
Explosion sinks American battleship U.S.S. Maine in Cuban harbor. Cause of the explosion is unknown, but angry Americans blame Spain.
The Spanish-American War
U.S. defeats Spain in three months.
Spain recognizes Cuba’s independ. U.S. controls Cuban politics & economy.
Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam become U.S. territories.
U.S. is recognized as a world power.
Other Gains in The PacificComplete the chart below to highlight how U.S. intervention brought aboutchanges in its relationships with Hawaii, Samoa, and China.
Country Early Increased U.S. Changed Relationship Intervention Relationship
Important to U.S. Leased Pearl Harbor 1898 Congress
business interests to the U.S. Hawaiian approved Hawaiian sugar King forced to give annexation. duty-free. control to white
Hawaiian born planters. Queen Liliuokalani opposed U.S. control of the islands. U.S. Marines help Sanford B. Dole remove the Queen. He declared a republic & asked the U.S. to annex.
Hawaii
What role does the U.S. play?
Queen Liliuokalani,
LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII
SANFORD DOLE
Became president of the republic of Hawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as
part of the u.s. in 1898
THE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWERTHE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWER
HAWAII: 1898
MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867
WAKE ISLAND: 1898
GUAM: 1898
JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898
PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898
SAMOA ISLAND: 1899
PHILIPPINES: 1898
PUERTO RICO: 1898
What is happening in this cartoon?
“WELL I HARDLY KNOW WHICH TO TAKE FIRST”. Uncle Sam is being served by President McKinley.
Country Early Increased U.S. Changed Relationship Intervention Relationship
1878 Trade Tension between Britain w/draws, relationship Protection European powers Germany & the for harbor lease at & U.S. almost led to U.S. divide islands Pago Pago war. A 3-way U.S. acquired the
protectorate of Harbor at Pago Samoa. Pago.
Trade relationship Open Door Policy Following the European Powers Boxer Rebellion keep an “open door” the U.S. reaffirmed to China the principle of
open trade in China.
Other Gains in The Pacific
Samoa
China
THE CHINESE PEOPLE REACT TO IMPERIALISM
BOXER REBELLION, 1900BOXER REBELLION, 1900
BOXER SOLDIER
Boxer rebel
REVOLT OF CHINESE AGAINST FOREIGNERS IN CHINA IN 1900
Called “boxers” because most were martial artists and Westerners did not know what to call them.
Boxer troops entered the foreign held Peking (Beijing)
The Boxers did not want foreigners to control China.
An international force retaliated and seized control
of Peking
Several western countries sent troops to China, such as the U.S.,
Japan, Russia, Germany, Austria, France, and Great Britain.
Who do all of the figures represent?
The figures represent China, U.S. Britain, Russia, Italy, Germany, and France.
CHINA WAS FORCED TO PAY REPARATIONS TO THE FOREIGN INVADERS OF CHINA FOR DAMAGES THE BOXERS DID TO FOREIGNERS PROPERTY IN THE SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.
Anti-imperialist cartoon
“TAKING OUR PLACE AMONG THE NATIONS”
WHO IS AT THE FAR LEFT?
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS CARTOON?
WHAT GROUP WOULD SUPPORT THIS CARTOON?
China
Criticize the US for joining the other imperialist nations taking unfair advantage of a weak China.
Anti-Imperialist League
OPEN DOOR POLICY
WHO ARE THE LAND GRABBERS? WHY DO YOU THINK UNCLE SAM IS TRYING TO STOP THEM?
Leading countries of Europe and Japan.
All nations should have equalTrading rights in China –Open Door Policy