Chapter 10 Section 3 Notes New Political Parties.

Chapter 10 Section 3 Chapter 10 Section 3 NotesNotes

New Political Parties

Main IdeaMain Idea

• A congressional compromise A congressional compromise failed to end disagreement over failed to end disagreement over slavery in the territories. slavery in the territories.

• Meanwhile, the political party Meanwhile, the political party system broke down as new system broke down as new political parties arose.political parties arose.

Setting the SceneSetting the Scene• The civil war occurred when it did The civil war occurred when it did

and in the way it did because and in the way it did because politicians could not solve the politicians could not solve the question of slaveryquestion of slavery

• Politicians could have kept slavery Politicians could have kept slavery from tearing the nation apart if from tearing the nation apart if Americans had not added and Americans had not added and settled new lands out westsettled new lands out west

• Each new state that joined the Union Each new state that joined the Union could tip the balance in Congress in could tip the balance in Congress in favor of or against slavery in the favor of or against slavery in the future.future.

Effects of the Missouri Effects of the Missouri CompromiseCompromise• In the short run, In the short run,

the Missouri the Missouri compromise compromise maintained the maintained the balance in the balance in the Senate between Senate between slave and free slave and free states in 1820.states in 1820.

• The compromise The compromise did not, did not, however, settle however, settle the issue of the issue of whether slavery whether slavery would be legal would be legal while the lands while the lands in the west in the west were still were still territories.territories.

The Missouri Question - Northerners were against adding Missouri to the union as a slave state because it would disrupt the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.

Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819)

Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817)

Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812)

Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796)

Rhode Island Kentucky (1792)

New York Virginia

New Hampshire North Carolina

Massachusetts South Carolina

Connecticut Maryland

New Jersey Georgia

Pennsylvania Delaware

Balance of Free and Slave States (1819)

Free States Slave States

Original 13 States

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, and Maine was admitted as a free state.






New York Virginia




New Jersey Georgia


Balance of Free and Slave States (1821)

Free States Slave States

Original 13 States

Maine (1820) Missouri (1821)

• • An imaginary line was drawn across the southern An imaginary line was drawn across the southern border of Missouri at the latitude 36 30'N.border of Missouri at the latitude 36 30'N.

36 , 30’

• • Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 36 , 30'N.south of the 36 , 30'N.

• • Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouriexcept for Missouri..

Sectionalism – loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country.

Effects of the Missouri Effects of the Missouri Compromise cont.Compromise cont.

• The North was worriedThe North was worried• Most of the land Most of the land

acquired from Mexico acquired from Mexico was south of the 36/30 was south of the 36/30 line.line.

• These territories could These territories could become slave statesbecome slave states

• The South would have The South would have more political power more political power than the North.than the North.

• The best way to The best way to prevent the creation of prevent the creation of more slave states, was more slave states, was to keep slavery out of to keep slavery out of these areas while they these areas while they were still territories.were still territories.


• Southerners said that the national Southerners said that the national gov’t had no right to prevent free gov’t had no right to prevent free citizens from taking their property citizens from taking their property (slaves) to the territories. (slaves) to the territories.

• Presidential Election of 1848.Presidential Election of 1848.• Candidates tried to avoid the slavery Candidates tried to avoid the slavery

questions.questions.• The Democrats chose Governor The Democrats chose Governor

Lewis Cass of Michigan, while the Lewis Cass of Michigan, while the Whigs chose a Mexican War general, Whigs chose a Mexican War general, Zachary Taylor.Zachary Taylor.


• Angered by their parties' Angered by their parties' unwillingness to confront unwillingness to confront slavery, some members from slavery, some members from both parties who opposed both parties who opposed slavery in the territories split off slavery in the territories split off and formed the Free Soil Party. and formed the Free Soil Party.

• The Free Soilers did not win any The Free Soilers did not win any states in the 1848 election, but states in the 1848 election, but they did take enough votes away they did take enough votes away from Cass to give Taylor a from Cass to give Taylor a narrow victorynarrow victory

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850

• 1849-California Gold Rush occurs right 1849-California Gold Rush occurs right after the US acquires Californiaafter the US acquires California

• People pour into California looking for People pour into California looking for gold. gold.

• California asked to join the Union as a California asked to join the Union as a free state. free state.

• Admitting California as a free state Admitting California as a free state would upset the fragile balance would upset the fragile balance between free and slave states in the between free and slave states in the Senate. Senate.

Compromise of 1850 cont.Compromise of 1850 cont.• At the center of this drama At the center of this drama

were three of the most were three of the most respected senators of that respected senators of that era: era:

• John C. Calhoun of South John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, Henry Clay of Carolina, Henry Clay of Kentucky, and Daniel Kentucky, and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts. Webster of Massachusetts.

• All had begun their long All had begun their long political careers in Congress political careers in Congress prior to the War of 1812. prior to the War of 1812.

• When the Senate assembled When the Senate assembled in 1849, the 73-year-old Clay in 1849, the 73-year-old Clay tried to solve the nation's tried to solve the nation's dilemma with words rather dilemma with words rather than blood.than blood.






New York Virginia




New Jersey Georgia


Maine (1820)

Iowa (1846)

California (1850)

Michigan (1837)

Wisconsin (1848)

Free States

Slave States

Original 13

States

Missouri (1821)Arkansas (1836)Florida (1845)Texas (1845)

Compromise of 1850 cont.Compromise of 1850 cont.• Clay's plan for Clay's plan for

a compromise a compromise over slavery over slavery would become would become known as the known as the Compromise of Compromise of 1850. 1850.

• Clay proposed Clay proposed five separate five separate laws, some of laws, some of which favored which favored the North and the North and some of which some of which favored the favored the SouthSouth

Compromise of 1850 cont.Compromise of 1850 cont.• 1. California becomes a free state. 1. California becomes a free state. • 2. Citizens of New Mexico and Utah would 2. Citizens of New Mexico and Utah would

decide themselves whether slavery would decide themselves whether slavery would be legal. be legal.

• 3. Congress would abolish the sale of 3. Congress would abolish the sale of slaves, but not slavery, in Washington, slaves, but not slavery, in Washington, D.C. D.C.

• 4. Texas would give up claims to New 4. Texas would give up claims to New Mexico for $10 million. Mexico for $10 million.

• 5. A Fugitive Slave Act would order all 5. A Fugitive Slave Act would order all citizens of the United States to assist in citizens of the United States to assist in the return of enslaved people who had the return of enslaved people who had escaped from their owners. It would also escaped from their owners. It would also deny a jury trial to escaped slaves. deny a jury trial to escaped slaves.

* people in UT and NM used popular sovereignty to decide on the slavery issue

Compromise of 1850

I. California became a free state.

II. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two parts; Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM).

III. The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.

IV. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed.

Calhoun opposed Calhoun opposed CompromiseCompromise

• Debate over the compromise Debate over the compromise dragged on for months. dragged on for months.

• On March 4, 1850, the Senate On March 4, 1850, the Senate gathered to hear the opinion of John gathered to hear the opinion of John C. Calhoun of South CarolinaC. Calhoun of South Carolina

• Calhoun gave the southern view of Calhoun gave the southern view of the compromise.the compromise.

• Calhoun (67 yrs old) was so weak Calhoun (67 yrs old) was so weak that he asked James Mason of that he asked James Mason of Virginia to read his speech for him.Virginia to read his speech for him.

Calhoun opposed Compromise Calhoun opposed Compromise cont.cont.• The “great and primary” cause of the The “great and primary” cause of the

crisis, Calhoun said, was that the North crisis, Calhoun said, was that the North now had “the exclusive power of now had “the exclusive power of controlling the Government, which leaves controlling the Government, which leaves the [South] without any adequate means the [South] without any adequate means of protecting itself against … of protecting itself against … encroachment and oppression.” encroachment and oppression.”

• Calhoun was referring to the fact that the Calhoun was referring to the fact that the North's growing population had given it North's growing population had given it more representatives in the House and more representatives in the House and more votes in the Electoral College. more votes in the Electoral College.

• Calhoun believed that southern states had Calhoun believed that southern states had the right to leave the Union if that were the right to leave the Union if that were necessary for their own protection.necessary for their own protection.

Calhoun cont.Calhoun cont.• Today, Americans believe that slavery is Today, Americans believe that slavery is

morally wrong because it robs people of morally wrong because it robs people of their liberty. their liberty.

• Calhoun and other white southern planters Calhoun and other white southern planters believed that stopping slavery was morally believed that stopping slavery was morally wrong, because it interfered with their wrong, because it interfered with their liberty to own enslaved people as property. liberty to own enslaved people as property.

• Government, they believed, should protect Government, they believed, should protect this liberty.this liberty.

• Southern planters held that if the federal Southern planters held that if the federal government intended to reduce their rights government intended to reduce their rights or threaten their property, then it was no or threaten their property, then it was no longer a government worthy of their longer a government worthy of their respect.respect.

Thinking Level Objectives for Thinking Level Objectives for TodayToday

• 1. Why was it surprising that 1. Why was it surprising that Daniel Webster supported the Daniel Webster supported the Compromise of 1850?Compromise of 1850?

• 2. Why did Stephen Douglas 2. Why did Stephen Douglas propose the Kansas-Nebraska propose the Kansas-Nebraska Act?Act?

• 3. What was the Northern 3. What was the Northern reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act?Act?

Daniel Webster favors Compromise of Daniel Webster favors Compromise of 18501850

• Three days after Calhoun's Three days after Calhoun's speech, Daniel Webster, the speech, Daniel Webster, the nation's leading orator, stood to nation's leading orator, stood to speak.speak.

• In the past, Webster had In the past, Webster had opposed any extension of opposed any extension of slavery into the territories. slavery into the territories.

• Fearing for the existence of the Fearing for the existence of the Union, Webster surprised his Union, Webster surprised his audience by giving his support audience by giving his support to each of Clay's proposalsto each of Clay's proposals

• Webster's speech outraged Webster's speech outraged northern abolitionists and his northern abolitionists and his longtime supporters because of longtime supporters because of his support for the Fugitive his support for the Fugitive Slave Act.Slave Act.

Congress approves the Compromise of Congress approves the Compromise of 18501850

• Many members of Congress feared Many members of Congress feared that President Zachary Taylor would that President Zachary Taylor would veto the Compromise.veto the Compromise.

• Taylor's sudden death in July 1850, Taylor's sudden death in July 1850, however, brought Millard Fillmore to however, brought Millard Fillmore to the presidencythe presidency

• Working with Senator Stephen A. Working with Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, who had taken Douglas of Illinois, who had taken over for an exhausted Clay, Congress over for an exhausted Clay, Congress eventually passed the Compromise eventually passed the Compromise of 1850.of 1850.

Changes in Political Changes in Political PartiesParties• In the 1850s the two party system In the 1850s the two party system

was breaking down.was breaking down.• The Whig Party began to decline.The Whig Party began to decline.• In 1852 the Whigs, rejecting In 1852 the Whigs, rejecting

President Fillmore because of his President Fillmore because of his support for the Compromise of 1850, support for the Compromise of 1850, nominated Winfield Scott, a general nominated Winfield Scott, a general from the Mexican War. from the Mexican War.

• The Democrats chose Franklin Pierce The Democrats chose Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. of New Hampshire.

• Pierce won the election in a Pierce won the election in a landslide.landslide.

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852Electio

n Results

1852Electio

n Results

The Rise of the Know-The Rise of the Know-NothingsNothings• Nativism was a movement to ensure that Nativism was a movement to ensure that

native-born Americans received better native-born Americans received better treatment than immigrants. treatment than immigrants.

• It arose in response to a surge in It arose in response to a surge in immigration between 1846 and 1854, immigration between 1846 and 1854, when 3 million Europeans arrived in the when 3 million Europeans arrived in the United States. United States.

• The Know-Nothings did very well in local The Know-Nothings did very well in local elections in northern states. elections in northern states.

• Their main supporters were voters Their main supporters were voters worried that immigration would lead to worried that immigration would lead to crime, and working men fearful of losing crime, and working men fearful of losing jobs to Irish and German immigrants.jobs to Irish and German immigrants.

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act• Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois

again raised the issue of slavery in again raised the issue of slavery in the territories. the territories.

• Douglas had two conflicting Douglas had two conflicting ambitions.ambitions.

• 1)-He wanted Chicago to benefit 1)-He wanted Chicago to benefit from the development of the Westfrom the development of the West

• The sooner Kansas and Nebraska became The sooner Kansas and Nebraska became states, the sooner railroads could be built states, the sooner railroads could be built across their land to link Chicago with the across their land to link Chicago with the West.West.

• Chicago would boom as farmers would send Chicago would boom as farmers would send all their crops there to be sold.all their crops there to be sold.

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act• 2)-Douglas wanted to run for President. 2)-Douglas wanted to run for President.

-To do that, he needed Southern support-To do that, he needed Southern support

-Pushing statehood for Kansas and -Pushing statehood for Kansas and Nebraska would benefit Chicago but it would Nebraska would benefit Chicago but it would cost Douglas Southern support.cost Douglas Southern support.

-Under the terms of the Missouri -Under the terms of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Kansas and Nebraska Compromise of 1820, Kansas and Nebraska would become free states. would become free states.

-This would add 4 more anti-slavery -This would add 4 more anti-slavery Senators.Senators.

-As you can see Douglas cannot achieve -As you can see Douglas cannot achieve both of his ambitions at the same time.both of his ambitions at the same time.

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act• To win the support of both To win the support of both

Northerners and Southerners, Northerners and Southerners, Douglas introduced the Kansas-Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in the Senate in 1854.Nebraska Act in the Senate in 1854.

• Douglas said the citizens of Kansas Douglas said the citizens of Kansas and Nebraska should VOTE on and Nebraska should VOTE on whether they want slavery or not in whether they want slavery or not in their territory.their territory.

• Popular Sovereignty-letting the Popular Sovereignty-letting the people in a territory decide people in a territory decide whether to allow slavery therewhether to allow slavery there

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act• In effect, Douglas was asking the nation In effect, Douglas was asking the nation

to repeal the Missouri Compromise and to repeal the Missouri Compromise and its boundary line of 36° 30′ N and rely its boundary line of 36° 30′ N and rely instead on popular sovereigntyinstead on popular sovereignty

• Douglas knew that the Kansas-Nebraska Douglas knew that the Kansas-Nebraska Act would make Southerners happy. Act would make Southerners happy. – There was now a possibility that the citizens There was now a possibility that the citizens

could vote for slavery could vote for slavery – This would have been impossible under the This would have been impossible under the

Missouri Compromise.Missouri Compromise.

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act• Douglas also thought Northerners Douglas also thought Northerners

would support the Kansas-Nebraska would support the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Act.

• Northerners figured slavery would Northerners figured slavery would never happen on the Great Plains, never happen on the Great Plains, where the weather was harsh and where the weather was harsh and cotton could not grow. cotton could not grow.

• The people of Kansas and Nebraska The people of Kansas and Nebraska would no doubt vote to become free would no doubt vote to become free states.states.

Kansas-Nebraska ActI. The Nebraska Territory was divided into two parts: Nebraska (NE) and Kansas (KS).

II. The people of each territory voted on whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act

A proposed railroad connecting California to the rest of the nation was a dividing issue. Southerners wanted New Orleans as the eastern end, Douglas favored Chicago, but the northern route land had to be officially opened for settlement by the government.

End of an eraEnd of an eraThe deaths of Clay and Webster led to new leadership in Congress. Stephen Douglas, an Illinois senator, gained power and influence.

Railroad Railroad proposalproposal

Douglas proposed organizing the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, where the issue of slavery would be settled by popular sovereignty. Southern senators demanded the bill end the Missouri Compromise’s limits on slavery. In May 1854 his Kansas-Nebraska Act became law.

May 1854May 1854

Reactions in the North and SouthReactions in the North and SouthThe North’s reactionThe North’s reaction

• Hundreds of meetings were Hundreds of meetings were held to protest the law. held to protest the law. Northerners sent numerous Northerners sent numerous petitions and resolutions to petitions and resolutions to Congress.Congress.

• Northerners were outraged Northerners were outraged that many northern that many northern Democratic members of Democratic members of Congress had voted for the Congress had voted for the act. A great number of act. A great number of northern Democrats quit northern Democrats quit the party. the party.

• The effect on the Whig The effect on the Whig Party was even more Party was even more severe. Some northern severe. Some northern Whigs (Conscience Whigs) Whigs (Conscience Whigs) opposed slavery on moral opposed slavery on moral grounds. Other Whigs in grounds. Other Whigs in the North and the South the North and the South (Cotton Whigs) strongly (Cotton Whigs) strongly supported slavery. The two supported slavery. The two groups refused to work groups refused to work together.together.

Rise of the Republican PartyRise of the Republican Party

• The Free Soil Party was The Free Soil Party was formed in 1848 by some formed in 1848 by some northern Whigs and northern Whigs and Democrats, and members Democrats, and members of the antislavery Liberal of the antislavery Liberal Party.Party.

• The name was taken The name was taken because opposition to the because opposition to the spread of slavery was its spread of slavery was its main issue. People of all main issue. People of all political parties who political parties who opposed slavery’s spread opposed slavery’s spread were called free-soilers.were called free-soilers.

• The Republican Party was The Republican Party was formed from a meeting of formed from a meeting of the Free-Soil Party, the Free-Soil Party, northern Whigs, and others northern Whigs, and others in response to the Kansas-in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.Nebraska Act.

• Two new Republicans were Two new Republicans were William Seward and William Seward and Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act• After nine months of debate, Congress After nine months of debate, Congress

passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. • Northerners were outraged. –Douglas Northerners were outraged. –Douglas

assumed wrongassumed wrong• Northern members of Douglas's own party, Northern members of Douglas's own party,

the Democrats, denounced Douglas for what the Democrats, denounced Douglas for what they saw as a sellout to the South. they saw as a sellout to the South.

• Most northern Democrats in the Senate Most northern Democrats in the Senate voted for the Kansas-Nebraska Act out of voted for the Kansas-Nebraska Act out of party loyalty, not because they approved it. party loyalty, not because they approved it.

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Chapter 10 Section 3 Notes New Political Parties.

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