Chapter 10.3Growth of European Kingdoms

Normandy

England in the High Middle Ages

• England was ruled by Anglo-Saxons from ~400 CE – 1066 CE (600 years).

• Battle of Hastings (1066 CE): The Normans under Duke Henry defeat England under King Harold• England now controlled by Normans

• Normans spoke French; Anglo-Saxons spoke Anglo-Saxon• Mixture of two languages creates English

• William takes first census since Roman times

England in the High Middle Ages

• Henry II expands power of royal courts• This expands his own power

• Common law: System of law in England based on court decisions instead of written law codes

• Henry II fails to control the Church• Feud leads to death of English archbishop; unpopularity

• First Parliament emerges• Parliament: Representative government composed of knights,

townspeople, nobles, and church leaders

Parliament

• Two knights from every county, two people from every town form House of Commons

• Nobles and church leaders form House of Lords

• Modern House of Lords is fully titled:The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled

• Modern House of Commons is fully titled:The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled

“Will no one rid me of this meddlesome priest?”

Runnymede (1215 CE)

France in the High Middle Ages

•Carolingian Empire divided into thirds; Western Franks become France•Rule of Phillip II Augustus (1180-1223 CE) expanded

power of monarch• Louis IX answered complaints from commoners in

person•Philip IV further strengthened monarchy

• France became largest, best-governed gov’t in Europe

Estates-General

•Philip IV creates Estates-General that meets with three “estates”• First Estate: clergy• Second Estate: nobles• Third Estate: townspeople and peasants

•All three estates meet to discuss and solve issues

The Holy Roman Empire

• Eastern Franks led by Saxons; becomes Germany

•Otto I defeats Magyars; seen as Christian savior•Crowned Emperor of Rome by pope

•Frederick I (1176 CE) & Frederick II (1225 CE) claim Italy the center of the “Holy Empire”• F1 and F2 plan failed invasions of Italy

•Germany and Italy weak until 1800s

Slavic Europe

•Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Hungarians) converted to Roman Catholicism• Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians) and southern

Slavs (Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians) converted to Orthodox• Missionary named Cyril converts eastern Slavs; creates

Cyrillic alphabet to write a Slavic Bible

• Southern Slavs (Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians) mostly Orthodox