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CHAPTER 11
ALDEHYDE AND KETONE
Structure of aldehyde and ketone• Aldehyde and ketone = carbonyl compounds
• General formula CnH2nO
C
R
O
H
C
R
O
R
aldehyde ketone
IUPAC Nomenclature for aldehydes and ketones
Compounds Structural formula IUPAC Nomenclature Commom Nomenclature
aldehydes HCOH methanal Formaldehyde
CH3COH ethanal Asetaldehyde
CH3CH2COH propanal Propionaldehyde
CH3CH2CH2COH butanal Butyraldehyde
CH3CH2CH2CH2COH pentanal valeraldehyde
ketones CH3COCH3 propanone Acetone
CH3COCH2CH3 2-butanone Methyethylketone
CH3COCH2CH2CH2CH3 2-pentanone n-propylmethylketone
CH3CH2COCH2CH3 3-pentanone Diethylketone
CH3CH(CH3)COCH3 3-methyl-2-butanone methylisopropylketone
Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
a) Hydration of alkynes
B) Ozonolysis of Alkenes
C) Friedel Crafts Reaction
D) Oxidation of alcohols
Tollens’ “Silver Mirror” Test
ADDITION REACTION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
1) Cyanohydrin Formation
- HCN is added to aldehyde/ketone to form cyanohydrin or hydroxyl nitriles compound
- CN group is easily hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid in the presence of H2O/H+
2) Catalytic Hydrogenation: Reduction to ROH
3)Reduction to ROH - NaBH4 or LiAlH4 are often used as a reducing agent and followed by
water/dilute acid to convert aldehyde/ketone to alcohols.
4)Grignard Addition- Preparation of ROH
5)Acetal Formation -ROH is added to form hemiacetals then condence with a
second molecule of ROH to produce acetals
6)Addition of amines
REACTION INVOLVING ALPHA HYDROGENS
C
O
CCC
C
• C=O is a strong electronwithdrawing group
• C=O can polarize the adjacent C-H bonds – making -hydrogen weakly acidic
C
O
C
H
C
O
C+ OH- + H2O
-
C
O
C-
C
O-
C
Enolate ion
C
O-
C CC
OH
CC
O
H
H+
Enol formKeto form
Tautomer = interconvertible structural isomers
Aldol Condensation• Aldehyde or ketone molc is added to the C=O of another
by base initiated nucleophilic addition
CROSS ALDOL CONDENSATION- Between 2 different carbonyl compounds. - 1 of the molecule has no -hydrogen