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Organic Chemistry

Chapter 11

Aldehydes and Ketones

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SCOPE

Introduction

Nomenclature

Physical Properties

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

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Learning outcomes

At the end of this lecture, studentsshould be able to:

Name aldehydes and ketones according toIUPAC system

Determine physical properties of aldehydes

and ketones Specify types of reactions for aldehydes and

ketones

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11.1 Introduction

Two broad classes of compounds contain the carbonyl

group:[1] Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atomsbonded to the carbonyl

[2] Compounds that contain an electronegative atombonded to the carbonyl

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If the CHO is bonded to a chain of carbons, find the longest

chain containing the CHO group, and change the eending

of the parent alkane to the suffixal. If the CHO group is

bonded to a ring, name the ring and add the suffix

carbaldehyde.

Number the chain or ring to put the CHO group at C1, but

omit this number from the name. Apply all the other usualrules of nomenclature.

11.2 Nomenclature of Aldehydes

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Like carboxylic acids, many simple aldehydes

have common names that are widely used. A common name for an aldehyde is formed by

taking the common parent name and adding the

suffix -aldehyde.

11.2 Nomenclature of Aldehydes

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In the IUPAC system, all ketones are identified

by the suffix one. Find the longest continuous chain containing

the carbonyl group, and change the eending

of the parent alkane to the suffix -one.

Number the carbon chain to give the carbonyl

carbon the lowest number. Apply all of the

usual rules of nomenclature.

With cyclic ketones, numbering always beginsat the carbonyl carbon, but the 1 is usually

omitted from the name. The ring is then

numbered clockwise or counterclockwise to

give the first substituent the lower number.

11.3 Nomenclature of Ketones

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Most common names for ketones are formed by naming

both alkyl groups on the carbonyl carbon, arranging

them alphabetically, and adding the word ketone.

Three widely used common names for some simple

ketones do not follow this convention:

11.3 Nomenclature of Ketones

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11.4 Physical Properties

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Carbonyl compounds are either reactants or products inoxidation-reduction reactions.

11.5 Preview of Oxidation and Reduction

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The three most useful oxidation and reduction reactions of

carbonyl starting materials can be summarized as follows:

11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

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The three most useful oxidation and reduction reactions of

carbonyl starting materials can be summarized as follows:

11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

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The three most useful oxidation and reduction reactions of

carbonyl starting materials can be summarized as follows:

11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

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The most useful reagents for reducingaldehydes and ketones are the metal hydride

reagents.

11.6 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

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The End