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Chapter 11Chapter 11Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Energy Sources and Energy Sources and ConsumptionConsumption
Energy sources used to be localEnergy sources used to be local Now they are worldwideNow they are worldwide
Developing vs. developed nationsDeveloping vs. developed nations 20% of world’s population use 60% of the world’s 20% of world’s population use 60% of the world’s
energy sourcesenergy sources
Energy Consumption in the Energy Consumption in the USUS
US Energy PolicyUS Energy Policy
Objectives:Objectives: 1: Increase Energy Efficiency & 1: Increase Energy Efficiency &
ConservationConservation 2: Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy 2: Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy
SuppliesSupplies 3: Develop Alternative Energy Sources3: Develop Alternative Energy Sources 4: Meet the First Three Objectives 4: Meet the First Three Objectives
Without Further Damage to the Without Further Damage to the EnvironmentEnvironment
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Combustible deposits in the Earth’s Combustible deposits in the Earth’s crustcrust Composed of the remains of prehistoric Composed of the remains of prehistoric
organismsorganisms
Examples: coal, oil (petroleum), and Examples: coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gasnatural gas
Non-renewable resource!Non-renewable resource!
How Are Fossil Fuels How Are Fossil Fuels FormedFormed CoalCoal
Heat, pressure and time turned the plant Heat, pressure and time turned the plant material into carbon-rich rock (coal)material into carbon-rich rock (coal)
OilOil Sediment deposited over microscopic Sediment deposited over microscopic
aquatic organisms aquatic organisms Heat pressure and time turned them into Heat pressure and time turned them into
hydrocarbons (oil)hydrocarbons (oil) Natural GasNatural Gas
Formed the same way as oil, but at Formed the same way as oil, but at temperatures higher than 100 °Ctemperatures higher than 100 °C
CoalCoal
Most, if not all, coal deposits have Most, if not all, coal deposits have been identified been identified
CoalCoal
US has 25% of world’s coal suppliesUS has 25% of world’s coal supplies Known coal deposits could last 200 Known coal deposits could last 200
yearsyears At present rate of consumptionAt present rate of consumption
2 Types of Coal Mining2 Types of Coal Mining
Surface mining Surface mining (right)(right)
Subsurface miningSubsurface mining
Mountain Top Removal Mountain Top Removal
Case-In-Point Copper Basin, Case-In-Point Copper Basin, TNTN
Acid Mine DrainageAcid Mine Drainage
Pollution caused when Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid and dissolved lead, arsenic dissolved lead, arsenic or cadmium wash out of or cadmium wash out of mines into nearby mines into nearby waterwayswaterways
Surface Mining Control and Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)Reclamation Act (1977)
Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface mines after miningmines after mining
Reduces Acid Mine DrainageReduces Acid Mine Drainage Requires permits and inspections of Requires permits and inspections of
active coal mining sightsactive coal mining sights Prohibits coal mining in sensitive areasProhibits coal mining in sensitive areas
Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal (besides Burning Coal (besides mining)mining) Releases more COReleases more CO2 2
per heat energy per heat energy producedproduced
Releases other Releases other pollutantspollutants MercuryMercury Sulfur oxidesSulfur oxides Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides
Oil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas
Oil and gas provide 60% of world’s Oil and gas provide 60% of world’s energyenergy They provide 62% of US’s energyThey provide 62% of US’s energy
Petroleum RefiningPetroleum Refining
Numerous hydrocarbons Numerous hydrocarbons present in crude oil present in crude oil (petroleum) are (petroleum) are separatedseparated
Natural gas contains far Natural gas contains far fewer hydrocarbons fewer hydrocarbons than crude oilthan crude oil Methane, ethane, Methane, ethane,
propane and butanepropane and butane
Oil and Natural Gas Oil and Natural Gas ExplorationExploration Oil and natural gas migrate upwards Oil and natural gas migrate upwards
until they hit impermeable rockuntil they hit impermeable rock
Oil ReservesOil Reserves
Uneven distribution Uneven distribution globallyglobally
More than half is More than half is located in the located in the Middle EastMiddle East
Natural Gas ReservesNatural Gas Reserves
Uneven distribution globallyUneven distribution globally More than half is located in Russia More than half is located in Russia
and Iranand Iran
Locating more depositsLocating more deposits Future extraction Future extraction
technologiestechnologies Changes in global Changes in global
consumption ratesconsumption rates Experts indicate there Experts indicate there
may be shortages in may be shortages in 2121stst century century
How long will Supplies Last?How long will Supplies Last?
Depends on:Depends on:
1989 Alaskan Oil Spill1989 Alaskan Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled 260,000 barrels of crude oil into 260,000 barrels of crude oil into soundsound
Largest oil spill in US historyLargest oil spill in US history Led to Oil Pollution Act of 1990Led to Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Not any
more!
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas CombustionCombustion
Increase carbon dioxide and pollutant emissionsIncrease carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions Natural gas is far cleaner burning than oilNatural gas is far cleaner burning than oil
ProductionProduction Disturbance to land and habitatDisturbance to land and habitat RoadsRoads Temporary jobs- leads to logging and cattle Temporary jobs- leads to logging and cattle
ranchingranching TransportTransport
Spills - especially in aquatic systemsSpills - especially in aquatic systems Ex: Alaskan Oil Spill (1989)Ex: Alaskan Oil Spill (1989)
Case in Point - Arctic Case in Point - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)(ANWR)
Synfuel and Other Fossil Synfuel and Other Fossil Fuel ResourcesFuel Resources SynfuelSynfuel
Synthesized fuel from Synthesized fuel from coal and other naturally coal and other naturally occurring sourcesoccurring sources
Used in place of oil or Used in place of oil or natural gas natural gas
Include:Include: Tar sandsTar sands Oil shalesOil shales Gas hydratesGas hydrates Liquefied coalLiquefied coal Coal gas (right)Coal gas (right)