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Chapter 11
Instructional Methods
Instructional Methods
• Definition– Techniques or approaches that
the teacher uses to bring the learner in contact with the content to be learned
Instructional Methods
• Lecture• Group Discussion• One-to-One Instruction• Role-playing• Self-instruction
• Demonstration• Return Demonstration• Gaming• Simulation• Role-modeling
Lecture
• Definition– An instructional method in
which the teacher verbally transmits information directly to groups of learners for the purpose of education. It is highly structured.
Lecture
• Advantages
– Cost effective– Targets large groups– Useful for cognitive
domain learning
• Limitations
– Not individualized– Passive learners
Group Discussion
• Definition– An instructional method in
which learners are together to exchange information, feelings, and opinions with each other and the teacher to achieve educational objectives
Group Discussion
• Advantages
– Stimulates sharing of ideas and emotions
– Active learners– Useful for cognitive
and affective domains of learning
• Limitations
– Shy member does not participate
– Dominant member overwhelms the group
– Highly diverse groups may have difficulty interacting
One-to-One Instruction
• Definition– An instructional method
in which the teacher delivers personally designed instruction to a learner.
One-to-One Instruction
• Advantages
– Active learner– Tailored to
individual’s needs and goals
– Useful for all three learning domains
• Limitations
– Can be expensive because it is labor intensive
– Isolates learner
Demonstration
• Definition– An instructional method
in which the learner is shown by the teacher how to perform a particular skill
Demonstration
• Advantages
– Previews exact skill for the learner
– Useful for psychomotor domain learning
• Limitations
– May be expensive because all learners need to easily visualize skill. This requires use of technology or small groups.
Return Demonstration
• Definition– An instructional
method in which the learner attempts to perform a skill with cues from the teacher as needed
Return Demonstration
• Advantages
– Active learner– Individual guidance– Useful for
psychomotor domain learning
• Limitations
– Viewing individual performance is labor intensive
Gaming
• Definition– An instructional
method requiring the learner to participate in a competitive activity with preset rules to achieve an educational objective
Gaming
• Advantages
– Active learner– Perceived as “fun”
by many learners– Useful for all three
domains of learning
• Limitations
– Too competitive for some learners
Simulation
• Definition– An instructional method requiring
creation of a hypothetical or artificial experience to engage the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions without the risk-taking consequences of an actual experience
Simulation
• Advantages
– Active learners– Practice “reality” in a
safe setting– Useful for cognitive
and psychomotor domains of learning
• Limitations
– Labor intensive– Costs of equipment
Role-Playing
• Definition– An instructional
method where learners participate in an unrehearsed dramatization to elicit their feelings to achieve affective domain objectives
Role-Playing
• Advantages
– Active learner– Develops
“understanding” of others
– Useful for affective domain learning
• Limitations
– Learner can exaggerate or under-develop the role
Role-Modeling
• Definition– An instructional method in which the
teacher “models” or exhibits behaviors that the learner may imitate or adopt as he or she is socialized into a role. Learning from role-modeling is called identification and emanates from socialization theories.
Role-Modeling
• Advantages
– Helps with socialization into role
– Useful for affective domain learning
• Limitations
– Requires rapport between teacher and learner
Self-Instruction
• Definition– An instructional method
to provide activities that guide the learner in independently achieving the educational objectives
Self-Instruction
• Advantages
– Self-paced– Cost-effective– Consistent– Useful for cognitive
domain learning
• Limitations
– Learner may procrastinate
– Requires literacy
Factors in Selection ofInstructional Methods
• What are the predetermined objectives?
• What are the characteristics of the targeted audience?
• What resources are available?
• What are the teacher’s strengths and limitations?
Evaluation of Instructional Methods
• Did learners achieve their objectives?
• Was the activity accessible to targeted learners?
• Were available resources used efficiently?
• Did the method accommodate the learner’s needs, abilities, and style?
• Was the approach cost-effective?
Creative Techniques to Enhance Verbal Presentations
• Enthusiasm
• Humor
• Risk-taking
• Drama
• Problem-solving
• Role-modeling
• Anecdotes
• Technology
General Principles for All Teachers
• Give positive reinforcement.
• Project acceptance/sensitivity.
• Be organized, give direction.
• Elicit and provide feedback.
• Use questioning.
• Know your audience.
• Use repetition.
• Summarize key points.
Instructional Settings
• Healthcare setting
• Health-related setting
• Nonhealthcare setting
Sharing Resources
Nurses in each of the setting types can establish a health education committee to coordinate health education programming, ensure effective use of resources, and avoid duplication of efforts.