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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTIONOverview of the Fundamental ofAnalti!al Chemi"tr # It"
A$$li!ation
CHAPTER 1
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•Defnition:
Analytical chemistry isthat it is “qualitative and
quantitativecharacterization ofmatter”.
•Characterization meansnd composition and
identity of chemicalcompounds / elements present in a sample.
•Forensics, quality control,medical tests
TOPIC 1%1
Introdu!tion to Analti!al
Chemi"tr
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An analysis involves several
steps and operations which
depend on:
•the particular problem
• your expertise
• the apparatus or
equipment available.
The analyst should be
involved in every step.
An analysis involves several
steps and operations which
depend on:
•the particular problem
• your expertise• the apparatus or
equipment available.
The analyst should be
involved in every step.
Fig. 1.1. Steps in an analysis
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•Qualitatie analysis:
!"s the identifcation o# one $ morechemical species present in a material.
!%o tell us &HAT is present in asample.
•Quantitatie analysis:
!"s the determination o# the e&act
amount o# a chemical species presentin a sample.
! %o tell us HO& 'UCH o# a species ispresent in a sample.
&hat i" Analti!al Chemi"tr(
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Qualitative analysis is what.
Quantitative analysis is how much.
Qualitative analysis is what.
Quantitative analysis is how much.
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Ta)le 1: 'ethod" ofAnal"i"
Qualitative Method Quantitative Method
Qualitative analysis:
•Is an identification method
•established the chemicalidentity of species in the
samples•such analysis does not reportthe amount of substance
•
Example:Identify the present ofpreservatives in soft drink
Quantitative analysis :
•determine the relative amountof these species or analyte, innumeral terms
•undertaken when the identityof the component is alreadyknown and when it isimportant to also know thequantities of theseExample:• nalysis of soil reported thatnitro!en concentration presentis at "#$ ppm
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Cla""i*!ation ofAnalti!al
'ethod"
Cla""i!al'ethod
In"trumental
'ethod
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Ta)le +: Cla""i*!ation ofAnalti!al 'ethod"
Classical Methods Instrumental Methods
• called as %wet chemical methods&•'nalyte was separate from (ample by :precipitation, extraction or distillation.
Qualitative analyses:
)he analyte then treated rea!ent that yieldproduct that could be reco!nised by colour,meltin! point, solubilities, odours etc.
Example: Qualitative analysis of commonions * +b$, -!$, !
Quantitative analysis:
mount of nalyte can be determined by!ravimetric and titrametric method
/easurement of physical propertiesof analyte 0 conductivity, electrodepotential li!ht absorption or emission,mass to char!e ratio1 be!an to usedfor quantitative analysis.
2hromato!raphic and electrophoretictechnique replaces distillation,extraction and precipitation andseparation of complex mixtures priorto quantitative and qualitative analysis
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Cla""i!al 'ethod"
Analyte is separated #rom Sample'y : precipitation, extraction ordistillation.
Qualitatie analysis:
%he analyte is then treated (ithreagents that yield product thatcould 'e recognised 'y Colour,melting point, solu'ilities, odoursetc.
E,am$le: Qualitatie analysis o#common ions ) *'+,-g+ ,Ag
Quantitatie analysis:
Amount o# Anal te can 'e
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In"trumental 'ethod ofAnal"i"Classiication o Instrumental Method
INSTRUMENTAL METHOD
SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD SEPARATION METHOD
• Molecular Spectroscopy• Atomic Spectroscopy
• Column Chromatography• Planar Chromatography
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