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I. Parallax and distance.
II. Luminosity and brightnessApparent Brightness (ignore “magnitude system” in book)
Absolute Brightness or Luminosity Inverse-Square Law
III. Stellar TemperaturesColor, Spectral lines, Spectral Classification:OBAFGKM
IV. Stellar sizes (radius)
V. Stellar Masses
Outline of Chapter 11 Part I: Properties of StarsNot exactly like book
Properties of Stars
Our Goals for Learning
• How far away are stars?
• How luminous are stars?
• How hot are stars?
• How massive are stars?
• How large (radius) are stars?
I. Parallax and distance.p = parallax angle
in arcseconds
d (in parsecs) = 1/p
1parsec= 3.26 light years
I. Parallax and distance.
Nearest Star: Alpha Centauri d = 4.3 light years
(since 1 parsec = 3.26 light years)
distance in parsecs = 4.3/3.26 = 1.32
What is the parallax of this star?
d=1/p hence p=1/d
p for nearest star is
I. Parallax and distance.
Nearest Star: Alpha Centauri d = 4.3 light years
(since 1 parsec = 3.26 light years)
distance in parsecs = 4.3/3.26 = 1.32
What is the parallax of this star?
d=1/p hence p=1/d
p for nearest star is 0.76 arcseconds
All other stars will have a parallax angle smaller
than 0.76 arcseconds
1. The distance of a star whose parallax is 0.25 arc seconds is
A. 4 parsecs
B. 40 light-years
C. 100 astronomical units
D. 0.25 parsec
Question 1
1. The distance of a star whose parallax is 0.25 arc seconds is
A. 4 parsecs
B. 40 light-years
C. 100 astronomical units
D. 0.25 parsec
Question 1
1. Apparent Brightness (how bright it looks in the sky)
2. Absolute Brightness or Luminosity (energy/sec)
3. Inverse-Square Law
II. Luminosity and Brightness
Energy passing through each sphere is the same
The further the observer the lower the apparent brightness proportional to 1/d2
Energy passing through each sphere is the same
The further the observer the lower the apparent brightness proportional to 1/d2
How many times fainter will the Sun seem from Jupiter (5AU) than from Earth?
Energy passing through each sphere is the same
The further the observer the lower the apparent brightness proportional to 1/d2
How many times fainter will the Sun seem from Jupiter (5AU) than from Earth? 25 times
1. Apparent Brightness (how bright it looks in the sky)
2. Absolute Brightness or Luminosity (energy/sec)
3. Inverse-Square Law apparent brightness=(absolute
brightness)/d2
4. Examples: light bulbs at different distances
II. Luminosity and Brightness
1. Apparent Brightness (how bright it looks in the sky)
2. Absolute Brightness or Luminosity (energy/sec)
3. Inverse-Square Law apparent brightness=(absolute
brightness)/d2
4. Examples of absolute brightness and apparent brightness: light bulbs at different distances
a) 10W, 1 meter awayb) 100W, 10 meters awayc) 20W, 2 meters awayd) 90W, 3 meters away
II. Luminosity and Brightness
light bulbs at different distancesa) 10W, 1 meter awayb) 100W, 10 meters awayc) 20W, 2 meters awayd) 90W, 3 meters away
Use formula: apparent brightness=(absolute brightness)/d2
Which one is faintest? Brightest?
II. Luminosity and Brightness
light bulbs at different distancesa) 10W, 1 meter awayb) 100W, 10 meters awayc) 20W, 2 meters awayd) 90W, 3 meters away
Which one is faintest? b Brightest? a and d
Watts is a unit of energy/sec (power)
II. Luminosity and Brightness
Review of distance, apparent brightness, absolute (intrinsic) brightness and luminosityDistance: If you know the parallax “p” (in arcseconds) you can calculate the distance “d” (in parsecs) d=1/p (1parsec= 3.26 lightyears)Apparent brightness: how bright a star looks in the skyThe inverse-square Law: light from stars gets fainter as the inverse square of the distance (apparent brightness is proportional to 1/d2). If we know the apparent brightness and the distance to a star we can calculate its absolute (intrinsic) brightness: apparent brightness = (absolute brightness)/d2
Luminosity (energy/sec) is equivalent to absolute brightness (analogy with light bulbs: Watts)
1. Two stars have parallaxes of 0.1 arc seconds and 0.01 arc seconds, respectively, if the stars are equally luminous, how much brighter will the near one appear than the farther one?
Question 2
1. Two stars have parallaxes of 0.1 arc seconds and 0.01 arc seconds, respectively, if the stars are equally luminous, how much brighter will the near one appear than the farther one? (Hint: calculate the distance first and then estimate the apparent brightness)
Question 2
1. Two stars have parallaxes of 0.1 arc seconds and 0.01 arc seconds, respectively, if the stars are equally luminous, how much brighter will the near one appear than the farther one? (Hint: calculate the distance first and then estimate the apparent brightness)
A. 100
B. 1000
C. 10,000
D. 400
Question 2
I. Parallax and distance.
II. Luminosity and brightnessApparent Brightness Absolute Brightness or Luminosity Inverse-Square Law
III. Stellar TemperaturesColor, Spectral lines, Spectral Classification:OBAFGKM
IV. Stellar sizes (radius)
V. Stellar Masses
Outline of Chapter 11 Part I
1. Color ( hotter > bluer; cooler > redder)
2. Spectral lines
3. Spectral Classification:OBAFGKM (from hottest to coldest)
III. Stellar Temperatures
Lines in a star’s spectrum correspond to a spectral type that reveals its temperature: O B A F G K M (Hottest) (Coolest)
Luminosity is proportional to surface area (how large) x temperature (how hot): L= 4R2T4
If we can measure the Luminosity and the
temperature of a star we can tell how large its
raduis is.
IV. Stellar sizes (radius)
Luminosity is proportional to surface area x temperature: L= 4R2T4
If we can measure the Luminosity and the
temperature of a star we can tell how large its
raduis is.
IV. Stellar sizes (radius)
Summary of Ch 11 Part IDistance: If you know the parallax “p” (in arcseconds) you can calculate the distance “d” (in parsecs) d=1/p (1parsec= 3.26 lightyears)Apparent brightness: how bright a star looks in the skyThe inverse-square Law: light from stars gets fainter as the inverse square of the distance (brightness proportional to 1/d2). If we know the apparent brightness and the distance to a star we can calculate its absolute (intrinsic) brightness: apparent brightness = (absolute brightness)/d2
Luminosity (energy/sec) is equivalent to absolute brightnessL= 4R2T4
If we can measure the luminosity and the temperature of a star we can tell how large it is. Binary stars allow us to determine stellar masses
Summary of Ch 11 Part IDistance: If you know the parallax “p” (in arcseconds) you can calculate the distance “d” (in parsecs) d=1/p (1parsec= 3.26 lightyears)Apparent brightness: how bright a star looks in the skyThe inverse-square Law: light from stars gets fainter as the inverse square of the distance (brightness proportional to 1/d2). If we know the apparent brightness and the distance to a star we can calculate its absolute (intrinsic) brightness: apparent brightness = (absolute brightness)/d2
Luminosity (energy/sec) is equivalent to absolute brightnessL= 4R2T4
If we can measure the luminosity and the temperature of a star we can tell how large it is. Binary stars allow us to determine stellar masses
Binary Stars• Definition• Three main types of Binary Stars
• Visual• Spectroscopic• Eclipsing
• Stellar Masses and Densities
• Definition:When two stars are in orbit around their center of mass
• Three main types of Binary Stars• Visual: orbits• Spectroscopic: Review of Doppler effect, spectral lines,
double and single lines• Eclipsing: masses and radii of stars
• Stellar Masses and Densities
Binary Stars
Approaching stars: more energy, spectral lines undergo a blue shift
Receding stars: less energy, spectral lines undergo a red shift
/ = v/c
Radial Velocity
Properties of Stars
Our Goals for Learning
• How far away are stars?
• How luminous are stars?
• How hot are stars?
• How massive are stars?
• How large (radius) are stars?
I. The Hertzprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram:
Surface Temperature Luminosity Analogy: horsepower vs weight
Where Stars plot is the H-R diagram Main Sequence: 90% of all stars Giants, Supergiants, White Dwarfs
Outline of Ch 11 part 2: The H-R Diagram