Chapter 11: The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 11: The Respiratory System


Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives

Roles of oxygen and carbon dioxide and how each is carried in the blood.

Respiratory tract and functions of each part.

Breathing mechanism, the roles of the diaphragm and phrenic nerve.

Word parts pertaining to the respiratory system.

Major disorders of the respiratory system.

Medical terms related to breathing & diseases of the respiratory system.

10 volumes & capacities commonly used to measure pulmonary function.

Abbreviations commonly used with reference to the respiratory system.


Key TermsNormal Structure and Function

Key TermsNormal Structure and Function

adenoids Lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils

alveoli The tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular: alveolus). An alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity; the term is also used to describe the bony socket for a tooth.

bronchiole One of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root: bronchiol)

bronchus One of the larger air passageways in the lungs. The bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural: bronchi) (root bronch).

carbon dioxide (CO2)

A gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs

carbonic acid An acid formed by carbon dioxide when it dissolves in water; H2CO3

compliance A measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure. Compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders.

diaphragm The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root: phren/o)


Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)


epiglottis A leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea

expectoration The act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum

expiration The act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation

glottis The opening between the vocal cords

hemoglobin The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen

inspiration The act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation

larynx The enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords (root: laryng/o)

lung A cone-shaped spongy organ of respiration contained within the thorax (roots: pneum, pulm)




mediastinum The space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space

nose The organ of the face used for breathing and for housing receptors for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal nasal cavity (roots: nas/o, rhin/o)

oxygen (O2) The gas needed by cells to release energy from food during metabolism

palatine tonsils The paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone

pharynx The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)

phrenic nerve The nerve that activates the diaphragm (root: phrenic/o)

pleura A double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura) (root: pleur/o)

pleural space The thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity




pulmonary ventilation The movement of air into and out of the lungs

sinus A cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal cavity.

sputum The substance released by coughing or clearing the throat; expectoration. It may contain a variety of material from the respiratory tract.

surfactant A substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and eases lung expansion.

trachea The air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi (root: trache/o)

turbinate bones The bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell. Also called conchae (KON-kē).

vocal cords Membranous folds on either side of the larynx that are important in speech production. Also called vocal folds.


Key TermsDisordersKey TermsDisorders

acidosis Abnormal acidity of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis is caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body.

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung

acute rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold

alkalosis Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the body.

aspiration The accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs. Also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction.

asthma A disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes

atelectasis Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse. May be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix atel/o means “imperfect”).


Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)


bronchiectasis Chronic dilatation of a bronchus or bronchi

bronchitis Inflammation of a bronchus

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis

cyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood (adjective: cyanotic)

cystic fibrosis (CF) An inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands. Characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection

diphtheria Acute infectious disease, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, characterized by the formation of a surface pseudomembrane composed of cells and coagulated material

dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing, sometimes with pain; “air hunger”




emphysema A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli

empyema Accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space; pyothorax

hemoptysis The spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis means “spitting”)

hemothorax Presence of blood in the pleural space

hydrothorax Presence of fluid in the pleural space

hyperventilation Increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli

influenza An acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain; “flu”

pertussis An acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough




pleural effusion Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. The fluid may contain blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema).

pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis. A symptom of pleurisy is sharp pain on breathing.

pneumoconiosis Disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles. Named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis.

pneumonia Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection. May involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia).

pneumonitis Inflammation of the lungs; may follow infection or be caused by asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants




pneumothorax Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. May result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung

pyothorax Accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs. It is treated with respiratory support and surfactant administration

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant; crib death

tuberculosis An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well. Miliary (MIL-ē-ar-ē) tuberculosis is an acute generalized form of the disease with formation of minute tubercles that resemble millet seeds


Key TermsDiagnosisKey TermsDiagnosis

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

The concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood. Reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2 or PaCO2. These measurements are important in measuring acid-base balance

bronchoscope An endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. Also allows access for biopsy of tissue to removal of a foreign object

lung scan Study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotope in lung tissue. A ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material. A perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material. Also called a pulmonary scintiscan

pulse oximetry Determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear; reported as SpO2 in percent


Key TermsDiagnosis (cont’d)

Key TermsDiagnosis (cont’d)

pulmonary function tests

Tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry

spirometer An apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test is a spirogram

thoracentesis Surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems. Also called thoracocentesis

tuberculin test A skin test for tuberculosis. Tuberculin, the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin or inoculated with a four-pronged device (tine test)


Supplementary TermsNormal Structure and Function

Supplementary TermsNormal Structure and Function

carina A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge between the two bronchi. Used as a landmark for endoscopy. Any ridge or ridgelike structure (from a Latin word that means “keel”).

hilum An anatomical depression in an organ where vessels and nerves enter

nares The external openings of the nose; the nostrils (singular, naris)

nasal septum The partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts (root sept/o means “septum”)


Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions

Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions

anoxia Lack or absence of oxygen in the tissues; often used incorrectly to mean hypoxia

asphyxia Condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen; suffocation (literally “lack of pulse”)

Biot respirations Deep, fast breathing interrupted by sudden pauses; seen in spinal meningitis and other disorders of the central nervous system

bronchospasm Narrowing of the bronchi caused by smooth muscle spasms; common in cases of asthma and bronchitis

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A repeating cycle of gradually increased and then decreased respiration followed by a period of apnea; caused by depression of the breathing centers in the brain stem; seen in cases of coma and in terminally ill patients

cor pulmonale Enlargement of the heart's right ventricle caused by disease of the lungs or pulmonary blood vessels

coryza Acute inflammation of the nasal passages with profuse nasal discharge; acute rhinitis


Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)


croup A childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and laryngeal spasm

deviated septum A shifted nasal septum; may require surgical correction

epiglottitis Inflammation of the epiglottis that may lead to obstruction of the upper airway. Commonly seen in cases of croup (also spelled epiglottiditis)

epistaxis Hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed (Greek -staxis means “dripping”)

fremitus A vibration, especially as felt through the chest wall on palpation

Kussmaul respiration

Rapid and deep gasping respiration without pause; characteristic of severe acidosis

pleural friction rub A sound heard on auscultation that is produced by the rubbing together of the two pleural layers; a common sign of pleurisy




rales Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid; usually heard during inspiration (singular:rale [rahl]). Also called crackles

rhonchi Abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids; more noticeable during expiration (singular: rhonchus)

stridor A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway

tussis A cough. An antitussive drug is one that relieves or prevents coughing

wheeze A whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway


Supplementary TermsDisorders

Supplementary TermsDisorders

byssinosis Obstructive airway disease caused by reaction to the dust in unprocessed plant fibers

sleep apnea Intermittent periods of breathing cessation during sleep. Central sleep apnea arises from failure of the brain stem to stimulate breathing. Obstructive sleep apnea results from airway obstruction during deep sleep, as from obesity or enlarged tonsils

small cell carcinoma A highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small, undifferentiated cells; “oat cell” carcinoma


Supplementary TermsDiagnosis

Supplementary TermsDiagnosis

Mantoux test A test for tuberculosis in which PPD (tuberculin) is injected into the skin. The test does not differentiate active from inactive cases

mediastinoscopy Examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an incision above the sternum

plethysmograph An instrument that measures changes in gas volume and pressure during respiration

pneumotachometer A device for measuring air flow

thoracoscopy Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope; pleuroscopy

tine test A test for tuberculosis in which PPD (tuberculin) is introduced into the skin with a multi-pronged device. The test does not differentiate active from inactive cases


Supplementary TermsTreatment

Supplementary TermsTreatment

aerosol therapy Treatment by inhalation of a drug or water in spray form

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Use of a mechanical respirator to maintain pressure throughout the respiratory cycle in a patient who is breathing spontaneously

extubation Removal of a previously inserted tube

intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)

Use of a ventilator to inflate the lungs at intervals under positive pressure during inhalation

intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV)

Use of a mechanical ventilator to force air into the lungs while allowing for passive exhalation

nasal cannula A two-pronged plastic device inserted into the nostrils for delivery of oxygen


Supplementary TermsTreatment (cont’d)

Supplementary TermsTreatment (cont’d)

orthopneic position An upright or semiupright position that aids breathing

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Use of a mechanical ventilator to increase the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of exhalation, thus improving gas exchange

postural drainage Use of body position to drain secretions from the lungs by gravity. The patient is placed so that secretions will move passively into the larger airways for elimination

thoracic gas volume (TGV, VTG)

The volume of gas in the thoracic cavity calculated from measurements made with a body plethysmograph


Supplementary TermsSurgery

Supplementary TermsSurgery

adenoidectomy Surgical removal of the adenoids

intubation Insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the larynx or trachea for entrance of air. Patients may be intubated during surgery for administration of anesthesia or to maintain an airway. Endotracheal intubation may be used as an emergency measure when airways are blocked

lobectomy Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung or of another organ

pneumoplasty Plastic surgery of the lung. In reduction pneumoplasty, nonfunctional portions of the lung are removed, as in cases of advanced emphysema

tracheotomy Incision of the trachea through the neck, usually to establish an airway in cases of tracheal obstruction

tracheostomy Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea to form an airway or to prepare for the insertion of a tube for ventilation, also the opening thus created


Supplementary TermsDrugs

Supplementary TermsDrugs

antihistamine Agent that prevents responses mediated by histamine, such as allergic and inflammatory reactions

antitussive Drug that prevents or relieves coughing

asthma maintenance drug

Agent used to prevent asthma attacks and for chronic treatment of asthma

bronchodilator Drug that relieves bronchial spasm and widens the bronchi

corticosteroid Hormone from the adrenal cortex; used to reduce inflammation

decongestant Agent that reduces congestion or swelling

expectorant Agent that aids in removal of bronchopulmonary secretions

isoniazid (INH) Drug used to treat tuberculosis

leukotriene antagonist Drug that prevents or reduces inflammation by inhibiting leukotrienes, substances made in white blood cells that promote inflammation; they also constrict the bronchi and increase mucus production; used in asthma treatment

mucolytic Agent that loosens mucus to aid in its removal


AbbreviationsAbbreviations

ABG(s) Arterial blood gas(es)

AFB Acid-fast bacillus (usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome; shock lung

ARF Acute respiratory failure

BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (tuberculosis vaccine)

BS Breath sounds

C Compliance

CF Cystic fibrosis

CO2Carbon dioxide

COLD Chronic obstructive lung disease

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


Abbreviations (cont’d)Abbreviations (cont’d)

CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure

CXR Chest radiograph, chest x-ray

DTaP Diphtheris, tetanus, acellular pertussis (vaccine)

ERV Expiratory reserve volume

FEV Forced expiratory volume

FRC Functional residual capacity

FVC Forced vital capacity

HPS Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

IC Inspiratory capacity

INH Isoniazid

IPPB Intermittent positive pressure breathing



IPPV Intermittent positive pressure ventilation

IRV Inspiratory reserve volume

LLL Left lower lobe (of lung)

LUL Left upper lobe (of lung)

MEFR Maximal expiratory flow rate

MMFR Maximum midexpiratory flow rate

O2Oxygen

PaCO2Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PaO2Arterial partial pressure of oxygen

PCP Pneumocystis pneumonia



PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure

PEFR Peak expiratory flow rate

PFT Pulmonary function test(s)

PIP Peak inspiratory pressure

PND Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

PPD Purified protein derivative (tuberculin)

R Respiration

RDS Respiratory distress syndrome

RLL Right lower lobe (of lung)

RML Right middle lobe (of lung)

RSV Respiratory syncytial virus



RUL Right upper lobe (of lung)

RV Residual volume

SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome

SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome

SpO2Oxygen percent saturation

T & A Tonsils and adenoids; tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

TB Tuberculosis

TGV Thoracic gas volume



TLC Total lung capacity

TV Tidal volume

URI Upper respiratory infection

VC Vital capacity

VTGThoracic gas volume


Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

• Main functions:

– Provide oxygen to cells

– Eliminate carbon dioxide

• Works closely with cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange

• External gas exchange occurs between atmosphere and blood

• Internal gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues


Respiratory SystemRespiratory System


Upper Respiratory PassagewaysUpper Respiratory Passageways

• Air enters through nose, past sinus cavities

• Air then passes through pharynx

• Pharynx divided into three regions:

– Nasopharynx (upper)

– Oropharynx (middle)

– Laryngeal (lower)


Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs

Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs

• Larynx contains vocal cords (allows speech)

• Trachea is tube with C-shaped cartilage rings (divides into bronchus)

• Bronchial System consists of bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli


Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs (cont’d)

Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs (cont’d)

• Lungs

– Right is larger and has 3 lobes

– Left has 2 lobes

– Covered by pleura

• Parietal (outer)

• Visceral (inner)


Suffixes for RespirationSuffixes for Respiration

Suffix Meaning Example Definition of Example

-pnea breathing orthopnea breathing difficulty that is relieved by assuming an upright (ortho-) position

-oxia* level of oxygen hypoxia decreased amount of oxygen in the tissues

-capnia* level of carbon dioxide

hypercapnia increased carbon dioxide in the tissues

-phonia voice dysphonia difficulty in speaking

**When referring to levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, the suffix -emia is used, as in hypoxemia, hypercapnemia..


Roots for Respiratory PassagewaysRoots for Respiratory Passageways

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example

nas/o nose intranasal within the nose

rhin/o nose rhinoplasty plastic repair of the nose

pharyng/o pharynx pharyngospasm spasm (sudden contraction) of the pharynx

laryng/o* larynx laryngeal pertaining to the larynx

trache/o trachea tracheotome instrument used to incise the trachea

bronch/o, bronch/i

bronchus bronchogenic originating in a bronchus

bronchiol bronchiole bronchiolectasis dilatation of the bronchioles

*Note addition of e before adjective ending -al.


The LarynxThe Larynx


BreathingBreathing

• Ventilation made up of:

– Inspiration

• Phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contract and flatten

• Chest cavity enlarges

• Change in pressure causes air to be pulled in

– Expiration

• Breathing muscles relax

• Lungs return to original size

• Air forced out


Roots for the Lungs and BreathingRoots for the Lungs and Breathing

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example

phren/o diaphragm phrenic pertaining to the diaphragm

phrenic/o phrenic nerve phrenicectomy partial excision of the phrenic nerve

pleur/o pleura pleurodesis fusion of the pleura

pulm/o, pulmon/o

lungs extrapulmonary outside the lungs

pneumon/o lung pneumonitis inflammation of the lung; pneumonia

pneum/o, pneumat/o

air, gas; also respiration, lung

pneumothorax presence of air in the thorax (pleural space)

spir/o breathing spirometer instrument for measuring breathing volumes


Pulmonary VentilationPulmonary Ventilation


Gas TransportGas Transport

• Oxygen in blood

– Attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells

– Released to cells as needed

• Carbon dioxide mostly as carbonic acid

– Amount formed regulates blood pH


Clinical Aspects of RespirationClinical Aspects of Respiration

• Pulmonary function affected by conditions that:

– Cause resistance to air flow

– Limit proper expansion of chest

• Conditions directly affecting respiratory system:

– Infection

– Injury

– Allergy

– Aspiration

– Cancer


Clinical Aspects of Respiration (cont’d)

Clinical Aspects of Respiration (cont’d)

• Changes in ventilation affect pH of blood

– Alkalosis = too much carbon dioxide exhaled by hyperventilation (blood too alkaline)

– Acidosis = too little carbon dioxide exhaled by hypoventilation (blood too acidic)


Infections Infections

• Pneumonia

– Caused by several different microorganisms

– Types: bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia

– Leading cause of death in debilitated patients

• Tuberculosis

– Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

– Symptoms: fever, weight loss, weakness, cough, Hemoptysis (sputum with blood)


Infections (cont’d)Infections (cont’d)

• Influenza

– Viral disease of respiratory tract

– Symptoms: chills, fever, headaches and muscular aches

• Common cold

– Types: rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus


EmphysemaEmphysema

• Overexpansion and destruction of alveoli

• Causes:

– Exposure to cigarette smoke or pollution

– Chronic infection

• Classified under chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) heading


AsthmaAsthma

• Narrowing of bronchial tubes

• Main factor may be irritation caused by allergy

• Symptom of wheezing indicated by:

– Constriction of bronchial tubes

– Edema of bronchial linings

– Accumulation of mucus

• Extreme “attacks” may result in:

– Dyspnea

– Cyanosis


PneumoconiosisPneumoconiosis

• Chronic irritation and inflammation

– Caused by inhalation of dust particles

• Occupational hazard of mining and stonework

• Different forms named for specific dusts:

– Silicosis (silica or quartz)

– Anthracosis (coal)

– Asbestosis (asbestos fibers)


Lung CancerLung Cancer• Leading cause of cancer related deaths in men and

women

• Cigarette smoking is major factor

• Cannot be detected early, metastasizes rapidly

• Overall survival rate is low

• Diagnosed by:

– Radiographic studies

– CT scans

– Sputum examination

– Bronchoscope


Respiratory Distress SyndromeRespiratory Distress Syndrome

• Occurs in premature infants

• Results from lack of surfactant in lungs

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome

– May result from:

• Trauma

• Allergic reactions

• Infection

• Other causes

– Involves edema that can cause respiratory failure


Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis

• Hereditary disease caused by flawed gene

• Affects glandular secretions by altering chloride transport

• Bronchial secretions thicken leading to:

– Infection

– Other respiratory disorders

• Diagnosed by increased amounts of sodium and chloride in sweat

• No cure currently available


Sudden Infant Death SyndromeSudden Infant Death Syndrome

• Unexplained death of infant under age of 1

• Death usually caused during sleep

• To reduce occurrence:

– Place baby on back when sleeping

– Keep baby in smoke-free environment

– Use firm, flat baby mattress

– Don’t overheat the baby


Pleura DisordersPleura Disorders

• Pleurisy = inflammation of pleura, usually with infection

– Main symptom is pain which causes rapid, shallow breathing

• Accumulation of substances between layers of pleura lead to other conditions:

– Pneumothorax

– Empyema

– Hemothorax

– Hydrothorax


Pleura Disorders (cont’d)Pleura Disorders (cont’d)• Fluids removed by thoracentesis


Diagnosis of Respiratory DisordersDiagnosis of Respiratory Disorders

• Methods for diagnosing respiratory disorders:

– Radiographs

– CT scans

– MRI scans

– Lung scans

– Bronchoscopy

– Tests of pleural fluid removed with thoracentesis


Diagnosis (cont’d)Diagnosis (cont’d)

• Methods for diagnosing respiratory disorders:

– Examination of arterial blood gases

• Evaluate gas exchange

• Measures:

• Carbon dioxide

• Oxygen

• Bicarbonate

• Blood pH


Diagnosis (cont’d)Diagnosis (cont’d)– Pulse oximetry

• Measure oxygen saturation of arterial blood

– Pulmonary function tests

• Spirometer measures volume of air moved with varying degrees of effort


PretestPretest

1. The gas that is supplied to tissues by the respiratory system is:

(a) oxygen

(b) neon

(c) sulfur

(d) carbon dioxide


PretestPretest

1. The gas that is supplied to tissues by the respiratory system is:

(a) oxygen

(b) neon

(c) sulfur

(d) carbon dioxide


PretestPretest

2. The gas that is eliminated by the respiratory system is:

(a) chlorine

(b) carbon dioxide

(c) hydrogen

(d) fluoride


PretestPretest

2. The gas that is eliminated by the respiratory system is:

(a) chlorine

(b) carbon dioxide

(c) hydrogen

(d) fluoride


PretestPretest

3. The air sacs through which gases are exchanged in the lungs are the:

(a) trachea

(b) alveoli

(c) bursae

(d) bronchi


PretestPretest

3. The air sacs through which gases are exchanged in the lungs are the:

(a) trachea

(b) alveoli

(c) bursae

(d) bronchi


PretestPretest

4. The structure that holds the vocal cords is the:

(a) larynx

(b) tongue

(c) uvula

(d) tonsils


PretestPretest

4. The structure that holds the vocal cords is the:

(a) larynx

(b) tongue

(c) uvula

(d) tonsils


PretestPretest

5. The tubes that carry air from the trachea into the lungs are the:

(a) arteries

(b) nares

(c) veins

(d) bronchi


PretestPretest

5. The tubes that carry air from the trachea into the lungs are the:

(a) arteries

(b) nares

(c) veins

(d) bronchi


PretestPretest

6. The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs is the:

(a) palate

(b) diaphragm

(c) hiatus

(d) esophagus


PretestPretest

6. The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs is the:

(a) palate

(b) diaphragm

(c) hiatus

(d) esophagus


PretestPretest

7. The membrane around the lungs is the:

(a) peritoneum

(b) mucosa

(c) pleura

(d) mediastinum


PretestPretest

7. The membrane around the lungs is the:

(a) peritoneum

(b) mucosa

(c) pleura

(d) mediastinum


PretestPretest

8. A term for inflammation of the lungs is:

(a) pneumonia

(b) bronchitis

(c) pleuritis

(d) laryngitis


PretestPretest

8. A term for inflammation of the lungs is:

(a) pneumonia

(b) bronchitis

(c) pleuritis

(d) laryngitis

Date post:	15-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	rafe
View:	89 times
Download:	4 times

Chapter 11: The Respiratory System

Documents