347
Chapter 12Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada
R.G. Foottit* and E. MawInvertebrate Biodiversity (National Environmental Health Network)
and Canadian National Collection of Insects Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. Three hundred fi fty-seven species of aphids are found in the Prairies Ecozone, of which 81 are adventive. The distribution of aphids in the region is determined by the availability of host plants and has been strongly affected by agricultural practices. The faunal elements unique to this ecozone relative to the rest of Canada represent the northern limits of species feeding on dryland shrubs centred in the Great Basin of the United States.
Résumé. On dénombre dans l’écozone des prairies 357espèces de pucerons, dont 81sont adventices. La répartition de ces insectes dans la région dépend de la disponibilité des espèces végétales hôtes, qui est fortement infl uencée par les pratiques agricoles. Les éléments fauniques uniques à cette écozone par rapport au reste du Canada représentent la limite nord des espèces qui se nourrissent d’arbustes dans les zones arides du Grand Bassin des États-Unis.
Introduction
In general, a particular aphid species feeds on a restricted range of hosts, usually constituting a single genus or tribe, but sometimes a single species of plant (Dixon 2005). Furthermore, a number of species alternate between plant species; a perennial (tree or shrub) serves as the overwintering primary host on which sexual reproduction occurs, and a secondary host (frequently an herbaceous plant) is used in summer. Therefore, these aphid species require both hosts to be available in the same area (although some species can persist without a sexual phase on the secondary host in the absence of their normal primary host). Aphid distributions are thus limited by the host distributions. On the other hand, if local conditions are appropriate for the persistence of the host plant, the aphids will usually fi nd and use them. Differences in life history strategies among host plants are refl ected in differences in strategies among aphids. Two groups of aphids may be distinguished: those that are associated with reliable perennial hosts, and those that depend on environmental disturbances that encourage the propagation of weedy host plants and that are usually more adept at long-distance dispersal. The major disruption of the Prairies Ecozone by agriculture has favoured the latter so that the most commonly encountered aphids in the region today belong to widespread species associated with crop plants and their weeds.
The scope of the current work includes all aphids found within the Prairies Ecozone as outlined in Shorthouse (2010), including the contained highlands and the Parkland
Foottit, R. G. and E. Maw. 2014. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 3): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 1. Edited by H. A. Cárcamo and D. J. Giberson. Biological Survey of Canada. pp. 347-369. © 2014 Biological Survey of Canada. ISBN 978-0-9689321-6-2 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3752/9780968932162.ch12
348 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Ecoregion. Harper and Bradley (1987) provided a list of 147 aphid species with their host associations for Alberta, and Robinson and Lamb (1991) listed 324 species found in Manitoba. The only treatment of aphids for Saskatchewan is included in Maw et al. (2000). A signifi cant number of the species in the Alberta list are from montane habitats. For example, 22% of the species listed are in the conifer-feeding genus Cinara. About 15% of the species from Manitoba were collected only in the far southeastern part of the province (Boreal Plains and Boreal Shield, especially Sandilands Provincial Forest and Whiteshell Provincial Park), or from the Hudson Bay Lowlands (Churchill), and thus are outside the region being considered here. Material in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes was examined and previously undetermined material identifi ed. This material includes the collection of the late A.M. Harper and representative slides of almost all specimen series from the collection of the late A.G. Robinson.
Aphid classifi cation (Table 1) follows Remaudière and Remaudière (1997) as updated by Nieto Nafría et al. (1998). Angiosperm family names follow APG III (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009). Among the plant genera included in Table 2, this classifi cation differs from the familiar available fl oral references mainly in the transfer of some Scrophulariaceae to Orobanchaceae and of Sambucus and Viburnum from Caprifoliaceae to Adoxaceae; the placement of Aceraceae within Sapindaceae, Ascelpiadaceae within Apocynaceae, and Chenopodiaceae within Amaranthaceae; and the arrangement of the lily-like monocots.
Because of the strong association between aphids and their host plants, the list of aphid species in the ecozone (Table 2) is organized by host taxa. A summary of number of species associated with various host groups, habitat types, and life cycle characteristics is given in Table 3. The following discussion highlights or expands on information presented within Table 2.
Grasslands
The most characteristic aphids of North American grasslands are those associated with dryland shrubs. Several genera of aphids are restricted to Artemisia hosts or contain a preponderance of species on Artemisia. Epameibaphis, Pseudoepameibaphis, Artemisaphis, Flabellomicrosiphum, and Microsiphoniella (all restricted to Artemisia) are endemic to the dry basins of western North America. Two species of Pseudoepameibaphis are found in the southern parts of all three Prairie Provinces; two species of Epameibaphis and one each of Artemisaphis, Flabellomicrosiphum, and Microsiphum are known to occur in southern Alberta (the latter also in Manitoba). Species of Obtusicauda (fi ve in western North America, with one of these known to occur in the Canadian prairies, and several species in Asia) are also restricted to Artemisia. The Aphis subgenus Zxyaphis is endemic to western North America on plants of the genera Artemisia, Chrysothamnus, and Ericameria. At least one species of Zyxaphis (A. canae) has been collected in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The genus Pleotrichophorus has radiated extensively on shrubs of the family Asteraceae in the Great Basin. Of the approximately 60 species worldwide, most are found in the Great Basin and other dry basins of western North America, with 16 species occurring on shrubby Astereae (Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Gutierrezia, and Haplopappus), 18 species on Artemisia, and four on Achillea. In the Canadian Prairie Provinces, seven species of Pleotrichophorus have been collected on Artemisia and two on Achillea. In addition, P. villosae, found on Heterotheca villosa (= Chrysopsis villosa), is known only from southern Manitoba, and an unidentifi ed species has been collected on Iva axillaris at Regina, Saskatchewan.
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 349
Table 1. Classifi cation of aphid genera found in the Prairies Ecozone, according to the scheme of Remaudière and Remaudière (1997) with updated nomenclature by Nieto Nafría et al. (1998).
Higher Taxon Genera
Adelgidae Adelges, Pineus
Phylloxeridae Phylloxerina
Aphididae1
Anoeciinae Anoecia
Aphidinae
Aphidini Aphis, Asiphonaphis, Brachyunquis, Hyalopterus, Hysteroneura, Misturaphis, Rhopalosiphum, Schizaphis
Macrosiphini Abstrusomyzus, Acyrthosiphon, Amphorophora, Aphthargelia, Artemisiaphis, Aspidaphis, Atarsos, Brachycaudus, Brachycorynella, Brevicoryne, Cachryphora, Capitophorus2, Carolinaia, Catamergus, Cavariella2, Ceruraphis, Chaetosiphon, Coloradoa, Cryptaphis, Cryptomyzus, Diuraphis, Epameibaphis, Ericaphis, Hayhurstia, Hyadaphis, Hyalomyzus, Hyperomyzus, Illinoia, Liosomaphis2, Lipaphis, Macrosiphoniella, Macrosiphum, Metopolophium, Microlophium, Microsiphoniella, Muscaphis, Myzaphis, Myzodium, Myzus, Nasonovia, Nearctaphis, Obtusicauda, Ovatus, Pleotrichophorus, Pseudacaudella, Pseudocercidis, Pseudoepameibaphis, Pseudacaudella, Rhopalomzyus, Sitobion, Uroleucon, Utamphorophora
Calaphidinae
Calaphidini Betulaphis, Boernerina, Calaphis, Euceraphis, Oestlundiella, Symydobius
Panaphidini Myzocallis, Hoplochaitophorus, Neosymydobius, Therioaphis, Tinocalli
Chaitophorinae
Siphini Sipha
Chaitophorini Chaitophorus, Periphyllus, Pseudopterocomma
Drepanosiphinae Drepanaphis
Eriosomatinae
Eriosomatini Colopha, Eriosoma, Tetraneura
Pemphigini Clydesmithia, Mordwilkoja, Neoprociphilus, Pachypappa, Pemphigus, Prociphilus, Thecabius
Fordini Forda, Geoica, Smynthurodes
Hormaphidinae Hamamelistes
Lachninae
Eulachnini Cinara, Essigella, Eulachnus
Lachnini Lachnus, Longistigma, Maculolachnus
Tramini Trama
Mindarinae Mindarus
Phyllaphidinae Stegophylla
Pterocommatinae2 Fullawaya, Pterocomma
Saltusaphidinae Izyphia, Subizyphia, Subsaltusaphis, Thripsaphis
Tamaliinae Tamalia
1 Other schemes divide Aphididae into several families, with family Aphididae composed of Aphidinae and Pterocommatinae only. However, there is a dispute about the relationships among some of the subfamilies and their assignment to the more narrowly defi ned families. Thus, we choose here to follow the current aphid catalogue (Remaudière and Remaudière 1997).
2 Recent molecular evidence (von Dohlen et al. 2006) suggests that Pterocommatinae are most closely related to certain genera within Macrosiphini (Cavariella in particular, likely also Capitophorus and Liosomaphis), but a revised classifi cation has not been formally proposed.
350 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Tab
le 2
. Aph
ids
on h
ost p
lant
s w
ith a
sum
mar
y of
eco
regi
on a
ssoc
iatio
ns. A
phid
s w
ith h
ost a
ltern
atio
n be
twee
n ov
erw
inte
ring
(pri
mar
y) h
osts
on
whi
ch s
exua
l rep
rodu
ctio
n oc
curs
an
d su
mm
er (
seco
ndar
y) h
osts
are
lis
ted
unde
r bo
th h
ost
taxa
. Hos
t fa
mily
-lev
el c
lass
ifi ca
tion
follo
ws
APG
III
(A
ngio
sper
m P
hylo
geny
Gro
up 2
009)
. Abb
revi
atio
ns:
Cyc
= l
ife
cycl
e re
latio
nshi
p of
aph
id to
hos
t: 0
= ca
n co
mpl
ete
all p
hase
s of
life
cyc
le o
n si
ngle
hos
t; 1
= pl
ant i
s a
prim
ary
(win
ter)
hos
t; 2
= pl
ant i
s a
seco
ndar
y (s
umm
er)
host
; 2*
= pl
ant
is s
ole
host
in P
rair
ies
Eco
zone
(lif
e cy
cle
is in
com
plet
e (l
acks
sex
ual g
ener
atio
ns)
in a
bsen
ce o
f pr
imar
y ho
st).
Dis
trib
utio
n: G
= g
rass
land
; (G
) =
in d
epre
ssio
ns a
nd o
ther
shr
ubby
pr
otec
ted
area
s in
gra
ssla
nd; P
= p
arkl
and;
V =
rive
r val
ley
fore
st; E
= e
aste
rn p
arkl
and:
long
-gra
ss p
rair
ie a
nd e
aste
rn fo
rest
ele
men
ts (s
outh
ern
Man
itoba
and
eas
tern
Sas
katc
hew
an
(Ass
inib
oine
dra
inag
e));
U =
eas
tern
upl
ands
(sou
ther
n M
anito
ba u
plan
ds a
nd M
oose
Mou
ntai
n, S
aska
tche
wan
); C
= C
ypre
ss H
ills;
W =
per
sist
ent w
etla
nds
with
in g
rass
land
zon
es;
A =
agr
icul
tura
l sy
stem
s (o
n bo
th c
rops
and
wee
ds);
H =
hor
ticul
tura
l co
ntex
ts, i
nclu
ding
she
lterb
elts
, aba
ndon
ed h
omes
tead
s, a
nd u
rban
for
ests
; a
= ad
vent
ive
spec
ies.
Squ
are
brac
kets
indi
cate
spe
cies
or
ecor
egio
n as
soci
atio
ns e
xpec
ted,
but
not
yet
rec
orde
d.
Hos
tC
ycD
istr
ibut
ion
Com
men
t
Bry
ophy
taM
usca
phis
esc
heri
chi B
örne
r 19
392
[P]E
Mus
caph
is u
tahe
nsis
C.F
. Sm
ith &
Kno
wlto
n 19
650
PM
yzod
ium
mod
estu
m (
Hot
tes
1926
)0
[P]
Pse
udac
aude
lla r
ubid
a (B
örne
r 19
39)
0[P
]P
teri
doph
yta
Ono
clea
sen
sibi
lis L
., M
atte
ucci
a st
ruth
iopt
eris
(L
.) T
odar
oA
mph
orop
hora
am
pulla
ta la
ingi
Mas
on 1
925
0PE
Pte
ridi
um a
quili
num
(L
.) K
uhn
Mac
rosi
phum
pte
rico
lens
Pat
ch 1
919
0PE
Pin
ophy
taC
upre
ssac
eae
Juni
peru
s co
mm
unis
L.
Cin
ara
juni
peri
(D
eGee
r 17
73)
0P
Cin
ara
pete
rson
i Bra
dley
196
30
EJu
nipe
rus
hori
zont
alis
Moe
nch
Cin
ara
man
itobe
nsis
Bra
dley
196
30
E
Thuj
a, J
unip
erus
spp
.C
inar
a cu
pres
si (
Buc
kton
188
1)0
H, a
Pina
ceae
Abi
es s
pp.
Cin
ara
confi
nis
(K
och
1856
)0
HC
inar
a cu
rvip
es (
Patc
h 19
12)
0H
Abi
es b
alsa
mea
(L
.) M
ill.
Min
daru
s pi
nico
la (
Tho
mas
187
9)0
Hpa
st r
ecor
ds a
s M
. abi
etin
usLa
rix
lari
cina
(D
u R
oi)
K. K
och
Ade
lges
lari
ciat
us (
Patc
h 19
09)
2PH
Cin
ara
lari
cife
x (F
itch
1858
)0
HP
icea
spp
.P
roci
philu
s xy
lost
ei (
DeG
eer
1773
)2
H, a
root
sP
icea
abi
es (
L.)
Kar
st.
Cin
ara
pilic
orni
s H
artig
184
10
HP
icea
gla
uca
(Moe
nch)
Vos
sA
delg
es la
rici
atus
(Pa
tch
1909
)1
PHA
delg
es c
oole
yi (
Gill
ette
190
7)1
HC
inar
a co
lora
dens
is (
Gill
ette
191
7)0
C
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 351
Cin
ara
forn
acul
a H
otte
s 19
300
CPU
EH
Cin
ara
hotte
si (
Gill
ette
& P
alm
er 1
924)
0U
EH
Cin
ara
obsc
ura
Bra
dley
195
30
CPU
EH
Min
daru
s ob
liquu
s (C
holo
dkov
sky
1896
)0
CPH
Pin
eus
sim
ilis
(Gill
ette
190
7)1
HP
ineu
s sp
. 1
CH
Pin
us b
anks
iana
Lam
b.,
Pin
us c
onto
rta
Dou
glas
ex
Lou
don
Cin
ara
nigr
a (W
ilson
191
9)0
CP
Cin
ara
perg
ande
i (W
ilson
191
9)0
EP
inus
con
tort
a E
ssig
ella
kno
wlto
ni H
otte
s 19
570
CP
inus
nig
ra A
rnol
dE
ulac
hnus
rile
yi (
Will
iam
s 19
11)
0H
Pin
us s
ylve
stri
s L
.C
inar
a pi
nea
(Mor
dvilk
o 18
95)
0H
, a
Eul
achn
us a
gilis
(K
alte
nbac
h 18
43)
0H
, aP
seud
otsu
ga m
enzi
esii
(Mir
b.)
Fran
coA
delg
es c
oole
yi (
Gill
ette
190
7)2
HM
agno
lioph
yta
poly
phag
ous
on v
ario
us m
onoc
ots
and
dico
tsA
phis
mid
dlet
onii
Tho
mas
187
90
GPV
EA
Hro
ots
For
da fo
rmic
aria
von
Hey
den
1837
2*G
PVE
AH
, aro
ots
For
da m
argi
nata
Koc
h 18
572*
GPV
EA
H, a
root
sG
eoic
a ut
ricu
lari
a (P
asse
rini
185
6)2*
GPV
EA
H, a
root
sD
icot
s v
ario
us d
icot
sA
phis
faba
e Sc
opol
i 176
3 (s
ensu
lato
)2
PVE
AH
, ase
vera
l sub
spec
ies
Aph
is g
ossy
pii G
love
r 18
770
AH
, aA
phis
nas
turt
ii K
alte
nbac
h 18
432
PVE
AH
, aA
phis
spi
raec
ola
Patc
h 19
142
PVE
AH
, aP
roci
philu
s er
iger
onen
sis
(Tho
mas
187
9)2
PEro
ots
Smyn
thur
odes
bet
ae W
estw
ood
1849
2*G
P, a
root
sLo
ngis
tigm
a ca
ryae
(T.
W. H
arri
s 18
41)
0E
Hon
bar
k of
larg
e tr
ees
Mac
rosi
phum
eup
horb
iae
(Tho
mas
187
8)2
GPV
EA
Myz
us p
ersi
cae
(Sul
zer
1776
)2
AH
, air
rupt
ive
emer
gent
aqu
atic
dic
ots
Aph
is m
imul
i Oes
tlund
188
72
EW
Rho
palo
siph
um n
ymph
aeae
(L
inna
eus
1761
)2
W, a
Ado
xace
aeSa
mbu
cus
race
mos
a L
.A
phis
sam
buci
Lin
naeu
s 17
580
H, a
352 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Hos
tC
ycD
istr
ibut
ion
Com
men
t
Vibu
rnum
spp
.A
phis
vib
urni
phila
Pat
ch 1
917
0E
Cer
urap
his
vibu
rnic
ola
(Gill
ette
190
9)1
PVA
mar
anth
acea
e (i
ncl.
Che
nopo
diac
eae)
Atr
iple
x, C
heno
podi
um s
pp.
Hay
hurs
tia a
trip
licis
(L
inna
eus
1761
)0
GPV
E, a
Che
nopo
dium
spp
., B
eta
vulg
aris
L.
Pem
phig
us b
etae
Doa
ne 1
900
2PV
EA
root
sP
emph
igus
pop
uliv
enae
Fitc
h 18
592
PVE
Aro
ots
Sarc
obat
us v
erm
icul
atus
(H
ook.
) To
rr.
[Bra
chyu
ngui
s bo
nnev
illen
sis
Kno
wlto
n 19
28]
0[G
]A
piac
eae
vari
ous
gene
raA
phis
dec
epta
Hot
tes
& F
riso
n 19
310
PEA
phis
san
icul
ae W
illia
ms
1911
0E
Aph
is th
aspi
i Oes
tlund
188
70
EC
avar
iella
aeg
opod
ii (S
copo
li 17
63)
2PV
E, a
Cav
arie
lla d
igita
ta H
ille
Ris
Lam
bers
196
92
PEC
avar
iella
kon
oi T
akah
ashi
193
92
PC
avar
iella
pas
tinac
ae (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
2PV
AH
, aC
avar
iella
pus
tula
Ess
ig 1
937
2P
Cav
arie
lla s
alic
is (
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)2
EV
WC
avar
iella
theo
bald
i (G
illet
te &
Bra
gg 1
918)
2PV
Hya
daph
is fo
enic
uli (
Pass
erin
i 186
0)2
E, a
Apo
cyna
ceae
[in
cl. A
scle
piad
acea
e]A
scle
pias
syr
iaca
L.
Aph
is a
scle
piad
is F
itch
1851
2E
Aph
is n
erii
Boy
er d
e Fo
nsco
lom
be 1
841
0E
, air
rupt
ive
Myz
ocal
lis a
scle
piad
is (
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)0
EA
ster
acea
eva
riou
s ge
nera
Bra
chyc
audu
s he
lichr
ysi (
Kal
tenb
ach
1843
)2
H, a
Nas
onov
ia r
ibis
nigr
i (M
osle
y 18
41)
2PE
, aU
role
ucon
pse
udam
bros
iae
(Oliv
e 19
63)
0E
Ast
erea
e (A
ster
s.la
to, C
onyz
a, E
rige
ron,
E
rica
mer
ia, S
olid
ago)
Uro
leuc
on g
ravi
corn
e (P
atch
191
9)0
EIl
linoi
a go
ldam
arya
e (K
now
lton
1938
)0
EU
role
ucon
eri
gero
nens
e (T
hom
as 1
878)
0G
PVE
incl
udes
U. e
scal
anti
Uro
leuc
on m
acgi
llivr
ayae
(O
live
1967
)0
PA
chill
ea m
illef
oliu
m L
.P
leot
rich
opho
rus
hotte
si H
ille
Ris
Lam
bers
196
90
GP
leot
rich
opho
rus
pseu
dopa
tonk
us C
orpu
z-R
aros
& C
ook
1974
0PE
Am
bros
ia a
rtem
isiif
olia
L.
Uro
leuc
on a
mbr
osia
e (T
hom
as 1
878)
0E
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 353
Ana
phal
is m
arga
rita
cea
(L.)
Ben
th.
[Illi
noia
ric
hard
si (
Mac
Gill
ivra
y 19
58)]
0[E
]U
role
ucon
rus
sella
e (H
ille
Ris
Lam
bers
196
0)0
EA
rtem
isia
spp
.M
acro
siph
onie
lla lu
dovi
cian
ae (
Oes
tlund
188
6)0
GPV
Mic
rosi
phon
iella
art
emis
iae
(Gill
ette
191
1)0
GO
btus
icau
da fr
igid
ae (
Oes
tlund
188
6)0
GP
seud
oepa
mei
baph
is g
lauc
a G
illet
te &
Pal
mer
193
20
GA
rtem
isia
[su
ffru
ticos
e sp
ecie
s]M
acro
siph
onie
lla p
auci
seto
sa R
obin
son
1987
0E
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s gn
apha
lode
s (P
alm
er 1
938)
0G
PVE
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s ps
eudo
glan
dulo
sus
(Pal
mer
195
2)0
GE
Art
emis
ia a
bsin
thiu
m L
.C
olor
adoa
ang
elic
ae (
Del
Gue
rcio
191
1)0
EH
, aC
olor
adoa
abs
inth
ii (L
icht
enst
ein
1885
)0
GH
, aC
olor
adoa
art
emis
iae
(Del
Gue
rcio
191
3)0
GH
, aM
acro
siph
onie
lla a
bsin
thii
(Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
0E
H, a
Art
emis
ia c
ampe
stri
s L
.M
istu
raph
is s
hilo
ensi
s R
obin
son
1967
0E
Art
emis
ia c
ana
Purs
hA
phis
can
ae W
illia
ms
1911
0G
Art
emis
aphi
s ar
tem
isic
ola
(Will
iam
s 19
11)
0G
Epa
mei
baph
is a
tric
orni
s G
illet
te &
Pal
mer
193
30
GP
leot
rich
opho
rus
long
inec
tari
us (
Gill
ette
& P
alm
er 1
933)
0G
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s pu
llus
(Gill
ette
& P
alm
er 1
933)
0G
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s qu
adri
tric
hus
(Kno
wlto
n &
Sm
ith 1
936)
0G
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s ru
stic
atus
(K
now
lton
& S
mith
193
7)0
GP
seud
oepa
mei
baph
is tr
iden
tata
e (W
ilson
191
5)0
GA
rtem
isia
frig
ida
Will
d.E
pam
eiba
phis
frig
idae
(O
estlu
nd 1
886)
0G
PVM
acro
siph
onie
lla fr
igid
icol
a G
illet
te &
Pal
mer
192
80
GP
leot
rich
opho
rus
brev
inec
tari
us (
Gill
ette
& P
alm
er 1
933)
0G
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s nr
fi lif
olia
e (P
alm
er 1
938)
0G
Ast
er [
sens
u la
to; i
ncl.
Eur
ybia
, Sy
mph
yotr
ichu
m, e
tc.]
Uro
leuc
on m
anito
bens
e (R
obin
son
1986
)0
EU
role
ucon
oliv
ei M
oran
198
40
EU
role
ucon
pau
cose
nsor
iatu
m (
Hill
e R
is L
ambe
rs 1
960)
0E
Uro
leuc
on te
nuita
rsum
(G
illet
te &
Pal
mer
193
3)0
EE
uryb
ia m
acro
phyl
la (
Nut
t.) G
.L. N
esom
Uro
leuc
on a
stro
nom
us (
Hill
e R
is L
ambe
rs 1
962)
0E
Bid
ens
spp.
Uro
leuc
on c
hrys
anth
emi (
Oes
tlund
188
6)0
EC
irsi
um s
pp.
Bip
erso
na to
rtic
auda
(G
illet
te 1
907)
0G
Cap
itoph
orus
ela
eagn
i (D
el G
uerc
io 1
894)
2PE
H, a
Uro
leuc
on c
irsi
i (L
inna
eus
1758
)0
EA
H, a
354 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Hos
tC
ycD
istr
ibut
ion
Com
men
t
Uro
leuc
on p
eppe
ri (
Oliv
e 19
65)
0E
Cir
sium
, Car
duus
spp
.B
rach
ycau
dus
card
ui (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
2PA
H, a
Cre
pis
tect
orum
L.
Hyp
erom
yzus
san
dila
ndic
us (
Rob
inso
n 19
74)
2E
Eut
roch
ium
mac
ulat
um (
L.)
E.E
. Lam
ont
Uro
leuc
on e
upat
oric
olen
s (P
atch
191
9)0
EG
rind
elia
squ
arro
sa (
Purs
h) D
unal
Ata
rsos
gri
ndel
iae
Gill
ette
191
10
E[G
]Il
linoi
a gr
inde
liae
palm
erae
(M
acG
illiv
ray
1958
)0
F[G
]U
role
ucon
ric
hard
si (
Rob
inso
n 19
64)
0E
[G]
Hel
iant
hus
spp.
Uro
leuc
on h
elia
nthi
cola
(O
live
1963
)0
EH
elia
nthu
s m
axim
ilian
i Sch
rad.
Uro
leuc
on m
axim
ilian
icol
a (R
obin
son
1985
)0
EH
elio
psis
, Hel
iant
hus
spp.
Uro
leuc
on o
bscu
rica
udat
um (
Oliv
e 19
65)
0E
Het
erot
heca
vill
osa
(Pur
sh)
Shin
ners
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s vi
llosa
e R
obin
son
1974
0E
[G]
Uro
leuc
on c
arbe
rrie
nse
Rob
inso
n 19
860
PEH
iera
cium
can
aden
se M
ichx
.U
role
ucon
hie
raci
cola
(H
ille
Ris
Lam
bers
196
2)0
EIv
a ax
illar
is P
ursh
Ple
otri
chop
horu
s sp
. 0
GU
role
ucon
ivae
(R
obin
son
1985
)0
GE
Lact
uca
sativ
a L
.P
emph
igus
bur
sari
us (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
2H
, aLa
ctuc
a se
rrio
la L
.A
cyrt
hosi
phon
lact
ucae
(Pa
sser
ini 1
860)
0(G
)PA
H, a
Lact
uca
tata
rica
(L
.) C
.A. M
ey.
Uro
leuc
on d
elte
nse
Rob
inso
n 19
850
EP
rena
nthe
s sp
p.H
yper
omyz
us n
abal
i (O
estlu
nd 1
886)
2E
Rud
beck
ia la
cini
ata
L.
Uro
leuc
on r
udbe
ckia
e (F
itch
1851
)0
PESe
neci
o sp
p.A
phis
duc
kmou
ntai
nens
is R
ojan
avon
gse
& R
obin
son
1977
0E
Aph
is lu
gent
is W
illia
ms
1911
0P
Solid
ago
spp.
Cac
hryp
hora
ser
otin
ae (
Oes
tlund
188
7)0
EU
role
ucon
arn
esen
se R
obin
son
1985
0E
Uro
leuc
on b
revi
tars
us (
Rob
inso
n 19
74)
0E
Uro
leuc
on c
alig
atum
(R
icha
rds
1966
)0
EU
role
ucon
gig
antip
hagu
m M
oran
198
40
PVE
Uro
leuc
on n
igro
tibiu
m (
Oliv
e 19
63)
0E
[G]
Uro
leuc
on n
igro
tube
rcul
atum
(O
live
1963
)0
PVE
Uro
leuc
on p
ielo
ui (
Ric
hard
s 19
72)
0E
Sonc
hus
spp.
Hyp
erom
yzus
lact
ucae
(L
inna
eus
1758
)2
AH
, aH
yper
omyz
us p
allid
us H
ille
Ris
Lam
bers
193
52
AH
, aTa
nace
tum
vul
gare
L.
Mac
rosi
phon
iella
tana
ceta
ria
(Kal
tenb
ach
1843
)0
H, a
Tara
xacu
m o
ffi c
inal
e F.
H. W
igg.
Aph
is k
now
ltoni
Hot
tes
& F
riso
n 19
310
GE
root
s
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 355
Tram
a ra
ra M
ordv
ilko
1908
0G
E[P
], a
root
s; n
o se
xual
for
ms
know
nU
role
ucon
tara
xaci
(K
alte
nbac
h 18
43)
0G
PE, a
Xan
thiu
m s
trum
ariu
m L
.C
apito
phor
us x
anth
ii (O
estlu
nd 1
886)
2G
PVB
erbe
rida
ceae
Ber
beri
s sp
p.Li
osom
aphi
s be
rber
idis
(K
alte
nbac
h 18
43)
0H
, aB
etul
acea
eA
lnus
spp
.[B
oern
erin
a va
riab
ilis
Ric
hard
s 19
61]
0[P
U]
Euc
erap
his
gille
ttei D
avid
son
1915
0PE
Illin
oia
alni
(M
ason
192
5)0
PEO
estlu
ndie
lla fl
ava
(Dav
idso
n 19
12)
0PE
Pro
ciph
ilus
tess
ella
tus
(Fitc
h 18
51)
0E
Pte
roca
llis
alni
folia
e (F
itch
1851
)0
EB
etul
a sp
p.[B
etul
aphi
s qu
adri
tube
rcul
ata
(Kal
tenb
ach
1843
)]0
[UH
], a
[Cal
aphi
s be
tula
ecol
ens
(Fitc
h 18
51)]
0[U
H]
Cal
aphi
s fl a
va M
ordv
ilko
1928
0H
E, a
Cal
aphi
s m
anito
bens
is R
icha
rds
1968
0U
Euc
erap
his
betu
lae
(Koc
h 18
55)
0H
, aE
ucer
aphi
s pa
pyri
feri
cola
Bla
ckm
an in
Bla
ckm
an &
de
Boi
se 2
002
0PE
[UH
]in
pas
t mis
iden
tifi e
d as
E. b
etul
aeSy
myd
obiu
s am
eric
anus
A.C
. Bak
er 1
918
0PE
[UH
][H
amam
elis
tes
spin
osus
Shi
mer
186
7]2*
[PU
]pr
esen
t on
adja
cent
bor
eal p
lain
Bra
ssic
acea
eva
riou
s ge
nera
Bre
vico
ryne
bra
ssic
ae (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
0A
, aLi
paph
is p
seud
obra
ssic
ae (
Dav
is 1
914)
0A
, aP
emph
igus
pop
ulitr
ansv
ersu
s R
iley
1879
2G
PVE
[A]
Cap
rifo
liace
aeLo
nice
ra s
pp.
Hya
daph
is fo
enic
uli (
Pass
erin
i 186
0)1
AH
, aP
roci
philu
s xy
lost
ei (
DeG
eer
1773
)1
H, a
Rho
palo
myz
us lo
nice
rae
(Sie
bold
183
9)1
HP,
aR
hopa
lom
yzus
poa
e (G
illet
te 1
908)
1PE
, aLo
nice
ra d
ioic
a L
.G
ypso
aphi
s oe
stlu
ndi H
otte
s 19
300
PELo
nice
ra in
volu
crat
a (R
icha
rdso
n) B
anks
ex
Spr
eng.
Rho
palo
myz
us g
rabh
ami (
Coc
kere
ll 19
03)
1P
Loni
cera
tata
rica
L.
Hya
daph
is ta
tari
cae
(Ajz
enbe
rg 1
935)
1H
, aSy
mph
oric
arpo
s oc
cide
ntal
is H
ook.
Am
phic
erci
dus
pulv
erul
ens
(Gill
ette
191
1)0
PEA
phth
arge
lia s
ymph
oric
arpi
(T
hom
as 1
878)
0(G
)PV
E
356 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Hos
tC
ycD
istr
ibut
ion
Com
men
t
Cor
nace
aeC
ornu
s se
rice
a L
.A
noec
ia c
orni
(Fa
bric
ius
1775
)1
PE, a
Ano
ecia
cor
nico
la (
Wal
sh 1
863)
1E
Aph
is c
orni
folia
e Fi
tch
1851
0PE
Aph
is h
elia
nthi
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
91
PEA
phis
neo
gille
ttei P
alm
er 1
938
0PE
Aph
is m
acul
atae
Oes
tlund
188
71
PM
acro
siph
um h
amilt
oni R
obin
son
1968
0PE
Mac
rosi
phum
man
itobe
nse
Rob
inso
n 19
650
PEC
rass
ulac
eae
Hyl
otel
ephi
um te
leph
ium
(L
.) H
. Ohb
aA
phis
sed
i Kal
tenb
ach
1843
0H
, aD
ipsa
cace
aeD
ipsa
cus
fullo
num
L.
Mac
rosi
phum
ros
ae (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
2H
, aE
laea
gnac
eae
Ela
eagn
us, H
ippo
phae
spp
.C
apito
phor
us h
ippo
phae
s (W
alke
r 18
52)
1H
, aE
laea
gnus
ang
ustif
olia
L.
Cap
itoph
orus
ela
eagn
i (D
el G
uerc
io 1
894)
1H
, aSh
ephe
rdia
spp
.C
apito
phor
us h
udso
nicu
s R
obin
son
1979
1P
Cap
itoph
orus
she
pher
diae
Gill
ette
& B
ragg
191
61
GPV
EC
apito
phor
us x
anth
ii (O
estlu
nd 1
886)
1G
PVE
Eri
cace
aeA
rcto
stap
hylo
s uv
a-ur
si (
L.)
Spr
eng.
Tam
alia
cow
eni (
Coc
kere
ll 19
05)
0C
Faba
ceae
vari
ous
gene
raA
cyrt
hosi
phon
pis
um (
Har
ris
1776
)0
AH
PE, a
Nea
rcta
phis
cra
taeg
ifolia
e (F
itch
1851
)2
PVE
Ast
raga
lus
spp.
Aph
is g
allo
way
i Rob
inso
n 19
910
PA
stra
galu
s, H
edys
arum
, Oxy
trop
isA
phis
ast
raga
lina
Hill
e R
is L
ambe
rs 1
974
0P
Car
agan
a ar
bore
scen
s L
am.
Acy
rtho
siph
on c
arag
anae
(C
holo
dkov
sky
1908
)0
H, a
Ther
ioap
his
tene
ra (
Ajz
enbe
rg 1
956)
0H
, aG
lyci
ne m
ax (
L.)
Mer
r.A
phis
gly
cine
s M
atsu
mur
a 19
172
A, a
irru
ptiv
eLu
pinu
s sp
p.A
phis
lupi
ni G
illet
te &
Pal
mer
192
90
CM
acro
siph
um a
lbifr
ons
Ess
ig 1
911
0H
nativ
e in
wes
tern
mou
ntai
nsM
edic
ago,
Tri
foliu
m s
pp.
Ther
ioap
his
trifo
lii (
Mon
ell 1
882)
0A
, aM
elilo
tus
spp.
Ther
ioap
his
rieh
mi (
Bör
ner
1949
)0
A, a
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 357
Trifo
lium
spp
.N
earc
taph
is b
aker
i (C
owen
189
5)2
PAVi
cia
crac
ca L
.A
phis
cra
ccae
Lin
naeu
s 17
580
E, a
Faga
ceae
Que
rcus
mac
roca
rpa
Mic
hx.
Hop
loch
aito
phor
us q
uerc
icol
a (M
onel
l in
Rile
y &
Mon
ell 1
879)
0E
ULa
chnu
s al
legh
enie
nsis
McC
ook
1877
0E
UM
yzoc
allis
dis
colo
r (M
onel
l in
Rile
y &
Mon
ell 1
879)
0E
UM
yzoc
allis
pun
ctat
us (
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)0
EU
HN
eosy
myd
obiu
s m
imic
us H
otte
s 19
260
EU
Steg
ophy
lla q
uerc
icol
a (M
onel
l in
Rile
y &
Mon
ell 1
879)
0E
UG
eran
iace
aeG
eran
ium
spp
.A
mph
orop
hora
ger
anii
Gill
ette
& P
alm
er 1
929
0C
VA
mph
orop
hora
col
oute
nsis
Sm
ith &
Kno
wlto
n 19
830
PM
acro
siph
um g
eran
ii (O
estlu
nd 1
887)
0E
Gro
ssul
aria
ceae
Rib
es s
pp.
Aph
is m
anito
bens
is R
obin
son
& R
ojan
avon
gse
1976
1E
Aph
is m
imul
i Oes
tlund
188
71
EA
phis
oen
othe
rae
Oes
tlund
188
71
EA
phis
var
ians
Pat
ch 1
914
1P
Cry
ptom
yzus
gal
eops
idis
(K
alte
nbac
h 18
43)
1H
P, a
Cry
ptom
yzus
rib
is (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
1H
P, a
Hyp
erom
yzus
lact
ucae
(L
inna
eus
1758
)1
AH
, aH
yper
omyz
us n
abal
i (O
estlu
nd 1
886)
1E
Hyp
erom
yzus
pal
lidus
Hill
e R
is L
ambe
rs 1
935
1A
H, a
Hyp
erom
yzus
rib
iellu
s (J
. J. D
avis
191
9)1
EP
Nas
onov
ia c
ynos
bati
(Oes
tlund
188
7)1
PN
ason
ovia
hou
ghto
nens
is s
imili
s H
eie
1979
1P
Lam
iace
aeva
riou
s ge
nera
Cry
ptom
yzus
rib
is (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
2H
P, a
Gal
eops
is te
trah
it L
.C
rypt
omyz
us g
aleo
psid
is (
Kal
tenb
ach
1843
)2
HP,
aM
onar
da fi
stul
osa
L.
Aph
is n
eom
onar
dae
Roj
anav
ongs
e &
Rob
inso
n 19
770
EH
yalo
myz
us m
onar
dae
(Dav
is 1
912)
2E
Men
tha
arve
nsis
L.
Ova
tus
crat
aega
rius
(W
alke
r 18
50)
2H
Lyth
race
aeLy
thru
m s
alic
ara
L.
Myz
us ly
thri
(Sc
hran
k 18
01)
2W
, aM
alva
ceae
358 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Hos
tC
ycD
istr
ibut
ion
Com
men
t
Alc
ea r
osea
L.
Uro
leuc
on e
oess
igi (
Kno
wlto
n 19
47)
0E
Myr
icac
eae
Myr
ica
gale
L.
Illin
oia
cana
dens
is (
Mac
Gill
ivra
y 19
58)
0E
Ole
acea
eF
raxi
nus
spp.
Pro
ciph
ilus
amer
ican
us (
Wal
ker
1852
)1
H[E
]O
nagr
acea
eC
ham
erio
n an
gust
ifoliu
m (
L.)
Hol
ubA
phis
oen
othe
rae
Oes
tlund
188
70
EA
phis
var
ians
Pat
ch 1
914
2P
Mac
rosi
phum
val
eria
nae
(Cla
rke
1903
)0
PE
pilo
bium
spp
.A
phis
sal
icar
iae
Koc
h 18
550
P, a
Oen
othe
ra b
ienn
is L
.A
phis
oen
othe
rae
Oes
tlund
188
70
PA
phis
oes
tlund
i Gill
ette
192
72
EO
enot
hera
spp.
Ano
ecia
oen
othe
rae
Wils
on 1
911
0E
Oro
banc
hace
aeC
astil
leja
spp
.N
ason
ovia
cas
telle
iae
(Sam
pson
193
9)0
PO
rtho
carp
us, P
edic
ular
is s
pp.
Nas
onov
ia a
lpin
a (G
illet
te &
Pal
mer
192
8)0
PPo
lygo
nace
aeP
olyg
onum
spp
.A
spid
aphi
s ad
juva
ns (
Wal
ker
1848
)0
[P]E
, aC
apito
phor
us h
ippo
phae
s (W
alke
r 18
52)
2H
, aR
umex
spp
.A
phis
rum
icis
Lin
naeu
s 17
580
EW
, aPr
imul
acea
eLy
sim
achi
a sp
p.M
ordw
ilkoj
a va
gabu
nda
(Wal
sh 1
863)
2PV
ER
anun
cula
ceae
Aqu
ilegi
a sp
p.N
ason
ovia
aqu
ilegi
ae E
ssig
191
70
GP
Cle
mat
is li
gust
icifo
lia N
utt.
Illin
oia
brev
itars
is (
Gill
ette
& P
alm
er 1
933)
0G
VD
elph
iniu
m s
pp.
Bra
chyc
audu
s ro
ciad
ae (
Coc
kere
ll 19
03)
0[G
]EN
ason
ovia
wah
inka
e ro
bins
oni R
icha
rds
1958
0G
Thal
ictr
um s
pp.
Nas
onov
ia p
urpu
rasc
ens
(Oes
tlund
188
7)0
E[P
]R
osac
eae
vari
ous
gene
raM
acro
siph
um p
seud
oros
ae P
atch
191
90
PVE
HA
mel
anch
ier
alni
folia
(N
utt.)
Nut
t. ex
M. R
oem
.A
cyrt
hosi
phon
mac
rosi
phum
(W
ilson
191
2)A
phis
whi
tesh
elle
nsis
Roj
anav
ongs
e &
Rob
inso
n 19
770 0
PV E
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 359
Eri
osom
a am
eric
anum
(R
iley
in R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)2
E, P
Nea
rcta
phis
sen
sori
ata
(Gill
ette
& B
ragg
191
8)1
PP
roci
philu
s ca
ryae
car
yae
(Fitc
h 18
56)
1P
Cra
taeg
us s
pp.
Eri
caph
is g
entn
eri (
Mas
on 1
947)
0C
Eri
osom
a cr
atae
gi (
Oes
tlund
188
7)2
EN
earc
taph
is c
rata
egifo
liae
(Fitc
h 18
51)
1PV
EU
tam
phor
opho
ra c
rata
egi (
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)0
CC
rata
egus
, Mal
us,
Cot
onea
ster
spp
.A
phis
pom
i DeG
eer
1773
0E
H, a
Eri
osom
a la
nige
rum
(H
ausm
ann
1802
)2
EN
earc
taph
is b
aker
i (C
owen
ex
Gill
ette
& B
aker
189
5)1
PR
hopa
losi
phum
oxy
acan
thae
(Sc
hran
k 18
01)
1PE
AF
raga
ria
spp.
Abs
trus
omyz
us v
alul
iae
(Rob
inso
n 19
74)
0PE
Aph
is fo
rbes
i Wee
d 18
890
EC
haet
osip
hon
frag
aefo
lii (
Coc
kere
ll 19
01)
0PV
EH
Pot
entil
la fr
utic
osa
L.
Acy
rtho
siph
on a
ssin
iboi
nens
e R
obin
son
1973
0PV
EN
ason
ovia
will
iam
si C
.F. S
mith
& P
arro
n 19
780
EP
runu
s sp
p.R
hopa
losi
phum
nym
phae
ae (
Lin
naeu
s 17
61)
1PV
E, a
Hys
tero
neur
a se
tari
ae (
Tho
mas
187
8)1
EP
runu
s (s
.g. P
runo
phor
a) s
pp.
Hya
lopt
erus
pru
ni (
Geo
ffro
y 17
62)
1PE
, aP
runu
s pe
nsyl
vani
ca L
.f.
Myz
us c
eras
i (Fa
bric
ius
1775
)1
PVE
, aM
yzus
lyth
ri (
Schr
ank
1801
)1
E, a
Pru
nus
virg
inia
na L
.A
siph
onap
his
prun
i Wils
on 1
919
0(G
)PV
ER
hopa
losi
phum
cer
asifo
liae
(Fitc
h 18
55)
1PV
WE
Rho
palo
siph
um p
adi (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
1(G
)PV
A, a
Ros
a sp
p.C
haet
osip
hon
thom
asi H
ille
Ris
Lam
bers
195
30
PVH
Eom
acro
siph
on n
igro
mac
ulos
um (
Mac
Dou
gall
1926
)0
PE
rica
phis
wak
ibae
(H
otte
s 19
34)
0P
Mac
rosi
phum
ros
ae (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
0,1
H, a
can
com
plet
e lif
ecyc
le o
n ro
seM
acul
olac
hnus
sijp
kens
i Hill
e R
is L
ambe
rs 1
962
0G
PM
etop
olop
hium
dir
hodu
m (
Wal
ker
1849
)1
GPV
EA
, aP
seud
ocer
cidi
s ro
sae
Ric
hard
s 19
610
PEW
ahlg
reni
ella
ner
vata
(G
illet
te 1
908)
0PV
Ros
a, F
raga
ria
spp.
Cha
etos
ipho
n m
inus
(Fo
rbes
188
4)0
EH
Rho
dobi
um p
oros
um (
Sand
erso
n 19
00)
0E
HR
osa,
Pot
entil
la s
pp.
Myz
aphi
s ro
saru
m (
Kal
tenb
ach
1843
)0
PEH
360 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Hos
tC
ycD
istr
ibut
ion
Com
men
t
Rub
us (
s.g.
Rub
us)
spp.
Aph
is r
ubifo
lii (
Tho
mas
187
9)0
ER
ubus
str
igos
us M
ichx
.A
mph
orop
hora
aga
thon
ica
Hot
tes
1950
0PV
EU
Aph
is r
ubic
ola
Oes
tlund
188
70
PEIl
linoi
a ru
bico
la (
Oes
tlund
188
6)0
PVE
USp
irae
a [n
on-n
ativ
e sp
p.]
Aph
is s
pira
ecol
a Pa
tch
1914
1,2
H, a
Spir
aea
alba
Du
Roi
Aph
is s
pira
ephi
la P
atch
191
40
EU
Sorb
us s
pp.
Mus
caph
is e
sche
rich
i Bör
ner
1939
1E
[UP]
Phy
soca
rpus
opu
lifol
ius
(L.)
Max
im.
Uta
mph
orop
hora
hum
bold
ti (E
ssig
194
1)1
ESa
licac
eae
Pop
ulus
spp
.A
phis
mac
ulat
ae O
estlu
nd 1
887
2C
PVE
UC
haito
phor
us p
opul
icol
a T
hom
as 1
878
0C
PVE
UP
hyllo
xeri
na s
p.
0PV
Pte
roco
mm
a po
pulif
olia
e (F
itch
1851
)0
PVP
tero
com
ma
pseu
dopo
pule
um P
alm
er 1
952
0PV
Pte
roco
mm
a bi
colo
r (O
estlu
nd 1
887)
0PV
EP
tero
com
ma
smith
iae
(Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)0
PVE
Thec
abiu
s po
pulic
ondu
plifo
lius
Cow
en e
x G
illet
te &
Bak
er 1
995
1PV
Pop
ulus
alb
a L
.C
haito
phor
us p
opul
ialb
ae (
Boy
er d
e Fo
nsco
lom
be 1
841)
0H
, aP
opul
us b
alsa
mife
ra L
.[i
ncl.
hybr
ids
with
P.d
elto
ides
and
P.
angu
stifo
lia J
ames
]
Cha
itoph
orus
pop
ulifo
lii (
Ess
ig 1
912)
0PV
EU
Cha
itoph
orus
sp.
0PV
unde
scri
bed
Cha
itoph
orus
ste
vens
is S
anbo
rn 1
904
0PV
EC
lyde
smith
ia c
anad
ensi
s D
anie
lsso
n 19
901
PVP
emph
igus
bet
ae D
oane
190
01
CPV
Pem
phig
us m
onop
hagu
s M
axso
n 19
340
CPV
Pem
phig
us p
opul
iglo
buli
Fitc
h 18
591
CPV
Pem
phig
us p
opul
iven
ae F
itch
1859
1C
PVP
emph
igu s
sp.
1C
PVun
desc
ribe
dTh
ecab
ius
grav
icor
nis
(Pat
ch 1
913)
1C
PVTh
ecab
ius
popu
limon
ilis
(Rile
y in
Rile
y &
Mon
ell 1
879)
1C
PVP
opul
us d
elto
ides
W. B
artr
am e
x M
arsh
all
Mor
dwilk
oja
vaga
bund
a (W
alsh
186
3)1
PVE
Pac
hypa
ppa
pseu
doby
rsa
(Wal
sh 1
863)
0?PV
Pem
phig
us n
orto
nii M
axso
n 19
341
CPV
Pem
phig
us p
opul
icau
lis F
itch
1859
1PV
E
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 361
Pem
phig
us p
opul
iram
ulor
um R
iley
in R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)1
PVP
emph
igus
pop
ulitr
ansv
ersu
s R
iley
in R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)1
PVE
Pem
phig
us ta
rtar
eus
Hot
tes
& F
riso
n 19
311
PVE
reco
rded
as
P. ju
nctis
enso
riat
usP
opul
us n
igra
L.
Pem
phig
us b
ursa
rius
(L
inna
eus
1758
)1
H, a
Pem
phig
us s
pyro
thec
ae P
asse
rini
185
60
H, a
Pop
ulus
trem
uloi
des
Mic
hx.
Cha
itoph
orus
neg
lect
us H
otte
s &
Fri
son
1931
0C
PVU
EP
achy
papp
a ro
sette
i (M
axso
n 19
34)
1P
Pac
hypa
ppa
sacc
uli (
Gill
ette
191
4)1
PP
seud
opte
roco
mm
a ca
nade
nsis
Ric
hard
s 19
660
PUP
seud
opte
roco
mm
a hu
ghi (
Mac
Gill
ivra
y 19
63)
0E
Salix
spp
.A
phis
fari
nosa
Gm
elin
179
00
CPV
EU
Cav
arie
lla a
egop
odii
(Sco
poli
1763
)1
PVH
, aC
avar
iella
aqu
atic
a (G
illet
te &
Bra
gg 1
916)
1E
Cav
arie
lla d
igita
ta H
ille
Ris
Lam
bers
196
91
PC
avar
iella
kon
oi T
akah
ashi
193
91
PC
avar
iella
pas
tinac
ae (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
1PV
H, a
Cav
arie
lla s
alic
is (
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)1
CV
WE
Cav
arie
lla th
eoba
ldi (
Gill
ette
& B
ragg
191
8)1
PVC
haito
phor
us m
acro
stac
hyae
(E
ssig
191
2)0
(G)P
VC
haito
phor
us m
acgi
llivr
ayae
Ric
hard
s 19
720
PVH
Cha
itoph
orus
nig
rae
Oes
tlund
188
60
PVC
haito
phor
us p
usill
us H
otte
s &
Fri
son
1931
0P
Cha
itoph
orus
sal
icin
iger
(K
now
lton
1927
)0
PEC
haito
phor
us v
imin
alis
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
90
EV
Ful
law
aya
sp.
0V
E
Mac
rosi
phum
cal
iforn
icum
(C
lark
e 19
03)
0P
Pte
roco
mm
a bi
colo
r (O
estlu
nd 1
885)
0PV
EP
tero
com
ma
salic
is (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
0P,
aP
tero
com
ma
smith
iae
(Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)0
PVE
Tube
rola
chnu
s sa
lignu
s (G
mel
in 1
790)
0V
ESa
pind
acea
eA
cer
spp.
Dre
pana
phis
ace
rifo
liae
(Tho
mas
187
8)0
EA
cer
spic
atum
Lam
.D
repa
naph
is s
pica
ta C
.F. S
mith
194
10
EA
cer
negu
ndin
o L
.P
erip
hyllu
s ne
gund
inis
(T
hom
as 1
877)
0C
PVE
362 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Hos
tC
ycD
istr
ibut
ion
Com
men
t
Saxi
frag
acea
eSa
xifr
aga
sp.
Nas
onov
ia v
ocke
roth
i (R
icha
rds
1963
)0
ET
iliac
eae
Tilia
×eu
ropa
ea L
.E
ucal
lipte
rus
tilia
e (L
inna
eus
1758
)0
H, a
Ulm
acea
eU
lmus
spp
.E
rios
oma
mim
icum
Hot
tes
& F
riso
n 19
611
EE
rios
oma
rile
yi T
hom
as 1
877
0E
Tetr
aneu
ra u
lmi (
Lin
naeu
s 17
58)
1H
, aU
lmus
L.
Eri
osom
a am
eric
anum
(R
iley
in R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)1
EV
HE
rios
oma
crat
aegi
(O
estlu
nd 1
887)
1E
HE
rios
oma
lani
geru
m (
Hau
sman
n 18
02)
1E
HC
olop
ha u
lmic
ola
(Fitc
h 18
59)
1E
Col
opha
gra
min
is (
Mon
ell 1
882)
1E
Tino
calli
s ul
mifo
lii (
Mon
ell i
n R
iley
& M
onel
l 187
9)0
EU
rtic
acea
eU
rtic
a gr
acili
s A
iton
Am
phor
opho
ra u
rtic
a E
ssig
194
20
PM
icro
loph
ium
car
nosu
m (
Buc
kton
187
6)0
PM
onoc
ots
Asp
arag
acea
eA
spar
agus
offi
cina
lis L
.B
rach
ycor
ynel
la a
spar
agi (
Mor
dvilk
o 19
29)
0H
, aM
aian
them
um s
tella
tum
L.
Lin
k,C
onva
llari
a m
ajal
is L
.Il
linoi
a w
ahna
ga (
Hot
tes
1952
)0
PVE
[U]
Pol
ygon
atum
bifl
orum
(W
alte
r) E
lliot
tC
atam
ergu
s ki
ckap
oo (
Hot
tes
& F
riso
n 19
31)
0E
Cyp
erac
eae
vari
ous
gene
ra, n
ot C
arex
Rho
palo
siph
um c
eras
ifolia
e (F
itch
1855
)2
PVE
WC
arex
spp
.C
arol
inai
a ho
war
dii (
Wils
on 1
911)
2E
Cer
urap
his
vibu
rnic
ola
(Gill
ette
190
9)2
PVIz
iphy
a sp
ence
ri R
icha
rds
1958
0E
[G],
a?
Izip
hya fl a
bella
(Sa
nbor
n 19
04)
0G
PEU
Izip
hya
vitta
ta R
icha
rds
1958
0E
[Sub
izip
hya
clau
seni
Que
dnau
199
0]0
[G]
Thri
psap
his
balli
(G
illet
te 1
908)
0PE
Thri
psap
his
cype
ri (
Wal
ker
1848
)0
E[P
]
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 363
Junc
acea
eJu
ncus
, Luz
ula
spp.
Sito
bion
ave
nae
(Fab
rici
us 1
775)
0(G
)PV
EW
A, a
Smila
cace
aeSm
ilax
herb
acea
L.
Neo
proc
iphi
lus
acer
is (
Mon
ell 1
882)
2E
Mel
iant
hace
aeA
ntic
lea
eleg
ans
(Pur
sh)
Ryd
b.M
acro
siph
um k
iow
anep
us (
Hot
tes
1933
)0
PPo
acea
eva
riou
s ge
nera
incl
udin
g gr
ain
crop
sA
noec
ia g
ram
inis
Gill
ette
& P
alm
er 1
924
0E
Ano
ecia
set
aria
e G
illet
te &
Pal
mer
192
40
EC
olop
ha g
ram
inis
(M
onel
l 188
2)2
EC
olop
ha u
lmic
ola
(Fitc
h 18
59)
2E
Cry
ptap
his
brom
i Rob
inso
n 19
670
GPE
Diu
raph
is fr
eque
ns (
Wal
ker
1848
)0
GE
, aD
iura
phis
nox
ia (
Kur
djum
ov 1
913)
0G
A, a
Diu
raph
is tr
itici
(G
illet
te 1
911)
0G
, aH
yste
rone
ura
seta
riae
(T
hom
as 1
878)
2E
Met
opol
ophi
um d
irho
dum
(W
alke
r 18
49)
1A
Rho
palo
myz
us g
rabh
ami (
Coc
kere
ll 19
03)
2PE
Rho
palo
myz
us lo
nice
rae
(Sie
bold
183
9)2
H, a
Rho
palo
myz
us p
oae
(Gill
ette
190
8)2
E, a
Rho
palo
siph
um m
aidi
s (F
itch
1856
)2
A, a
irru
ptiv
eR
hopa
losi
phum
oxy
acan
thae
(Sc
hran
k 18
01)
2U
PAro
ots
and
stal
k ba
se; i
n pa
st a
s R
h. in
sert
umR
hopa
losi
phum
pad
i (L
inna
eus
1758
)2
GPE
A, a
?Sc
hiza
phis
gra
min
um (
Ron
dani
185
2)0
GPE
A, a
irru
ptiv
eSi
pha
eleg
ans
Del
Gue
rcio
190
50
GPE
, aSi
pha fl a
va (
Forb
es 1
884)
0E
Siph
a gl
ycer
iae
(Kal
tenb
ach
1843
)0
E, a
Sito
bion
ave
nae
(Fab
rici
us 1
775)
0G
PEA
, aTe
tran
eura
ulm
i (L
inna
eus
1758
)2
E, a
Phr
agm
ites
aust
ralis
(C
av.)
Tri
n. e
x St
eud.
Hya
lopt
erus
pru
ni (
Geo
ffro
y 17
62)
2E
VW
, aTy
phac
eae
Typh
a la
tifol
ia L
.R
hopa
losi
phum
eni
gmae
Hot
tes
& F
riso
n 19
310
PWH
yalo
pter
us p
runi
(G
eoff
roy
1762
)2
EV
W, a
364 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
The European species, P. glandulosus (Kaltenbach), widely introduced elsewhere in North America, was recorded from Alberta by Harper and Bradley (1987), but no supporting material has been located. Species of the genus Macrosiphoniella also feed on Artemisia and related Asteraceae. This genus is most diverse in the Palearctic region, but several species are indigenous to North America and several others are adventive from Eurasia. Three native and two adventive species of Macrosiphoniella are found in the southern Prairie Provinces. Misturaphis shiloensis is known only from Shilo, Manitoba, on Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata. The chenopodiaceous shrub Sarcobatus vermiculatus, common on saline fl ats, is host to Brachyunguis bonnevillensis. Although not yet collected in Canada, this aphid is found from Arizona to Montana and may be expected to occur in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Protected depressions and slopes within the grasslands harbour
Table 3. Summary of number of indigenous and adventive aphid species with various host and ecological associations and with different life cycle types.
Category Number of Species4
Native1 Adventive1
Host groupMosses 4 0Ferns 2 0Conifers 27 0Dicot trees and shrubs2 144 38Dicot forbs2 118 45Grasses 12 18Other monocots 10 3
Habitat/regionGrasslands 47 20River valley forests 61 14Parkland 133 31Eastern parkland/long-grass prairie 163 36Eastern uplands 25 1Cypress Hills 24 0Wetlands 4 5Agricultural fi elds 6 29Horticultural plantings 29 49
Life cycle typeNon-alternating 210 44Host alternating 65 31Asexual3 1 6
Total species 2764 81
1 Original distribution of some widespread aphids is unclear. Species that may be naturally Holarctic (such as some moss-feeding aphids) are counted as “native.” Species native elsewhere in North America, but present in the Prairies Ecozone as a result of recent fl oristic changes arising from European settlement, are also counted as native.
2 “Shrub” is used to indicate upright woody perennial “bushy” plants and includes such plants as Rubus species with biennial woody above-ground growth. On the other hand, low-growing plants with persistent woody crowns or stem bases (such as Artemisia frigida) are grouped with “forbs.”
3 Includes species that are host alternating in their native range, but persist asexually in the absence of their primary host (e.g., members of tribe Fordini with sexual forms on pistachio in the Mediterranean region).
4 Includes fi ve species expected in the Prairies Ecozone but not yet collected.
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 365
a number of other shrubby plants and their associated aphids, such as the aphid Aphthargelia symphoricarpi on Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Maculolachnus sijpkensi on Rosa, Asiphonaphis pruni on Prunus virginiana, and several Capitophorus species on Shepherdia.
Although a number of aphid genera contain grass specialists, the number of such species in the Nearctic grasslands is low, in contrast, for example, to the African savanna, where the genus Sitobion in particular has radiated extensively (Eastop 1961). The few native Nearctic aphids on grasses are infrequently collected and their distributions are unknown. Cryptaphis bromi is known from Winnipeg, Manitoba; Athabasca, Alberta; and Penticton, British Columbia. It is quite cryptic in its habits (a small brown aphid apparently feeding at the base of the grass plant among the dried remains of the leaf sheaths) (Robinson 1967) and may be much more common than its known incidence suggests. Sipha agropyronensis is currently confi rmed only from Colorado, but may be more widespread. Anoecia graminis feeds on grass roots in Colorado, and a very similar aphid has been found at Winnipeg and at Kinsella, Alberta (Newton et al. 2011). Three aphid species (Forda formicaria, F. marginata, Geoica utricularia) of Mediterranean origin have been collected on the roots of native grasses at a number of sites in the grassland areas of the Prairie Provinces. The other grass-feeding aphids in the area are usually encountered on grain crops and are discussed below with other aphids of agricultural systems.
Among other herbaceous plants of the grasslands, Grindelia squarrosa is notable in that it supports three specifi c aphids: Atarsos grindeliae (which overcomes the stickiness of its host plant by lacking tarsi), Illinoia richardsi, and Uroleucon grindeliae. Subizyphia clauseni is known only from a collection in 1908 in the mixedgrass region of eastern Montana (Quednau 1990) and a recent collection by the authors in the Kootenay Plains (Alberta) on a dryland Carex species (likely C. duriuscula or C. obtusata). It probably occurs in the intervening area.
Parkland and River Valley Forests
Species of Populus are the most obvious fl oral element of the parkland and of the major river valleys and constitute the primary (overwintering) host for a number of gall-forming, host-alternating aphids, as well as several non-alternating aphid species. Floate (2010) treated 14 species of native and two species of introduced aphids forming galls on cottonwoods. An additional poplar-gall aphid, Clydesmithia canadensis, previously unrecognized east of Waterton Lakes National Park, is now known from recent collections by the authors to occur as far east as Ninette, Manitoba. Two other species (Pachypappa rosettei and P. sacculi) form pseudogalls (gall-like distortions of host tissue that are not completely closed) on trembling aspen. Among non-galling aphids, Aphis maculatae uses various Populus species as summer hosts (the winter host is Cornus sericea). Fourteen non-alternating species (in genera Chaitophorus, Fullawaya, Pterocomma, and Pseudopterocomma) feed on Populus species in this area.
Other aphids are associated with other trees and shrubs in river valleys. Acer negundo is host to Periphyllus negundinis; Amelanchier alnifolia to Acyrthosiphon macrosiphum and, where Amelanchier co-occurs with elm, to Eriosoma americanum; Crataegus species to Nearctaphis bakeri and N. crataegifolii; Cornus sericea to Aphis (three species) and Macrosiphum (two species); Lonicera involucrata and L. dioca to Rhopalomyzus species and Gypsoaphis oestlundi, respectively; Potentilla fruticosa to Acrythosiphon assiniboinensis, Myzaphis rosarum, and Nasonovia williamsi; Prunus virginiana to Asiphonaphis pruni, Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae, and R. padi; Ribes species to several species of Aphis,
366 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Hyperomyzus (subgenus Neonasonovia), and Nasonovia (subgenus Kakimia); and Rosa to Chaetosiphon species, and, in shaded locations, to Eomacrosiphon nigromaculosum and Pseudoceridis rosae.
Compared with those of the grasslands, a larger number of herbaceous plants of the parkland and river valley forests serve as aphid hosts. For example, about 20 species of Uroleucon occur on various composites, especially asters and goldenrods. Most of the poplar gall-forming species and many of the shrub-feeding species (particularly those on Ribes) mentioned above use herbaceous plants as summer hosts. The summer hosts of some of the poplar-gall species include roots of crop plants such as sugarbeet and potentially canola (known secondary hosts of Pemphigus populitransversus are cruciferous plants). The secondary hosts of Rhopalomyzus species are grasses.
Eastern Forest Elements
Southern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan, in addition to their grassland and parkland components, are characterized by the presence of plants that are more predominant in eastern North America. For example, Quercus macrocarpa (with Hoplochaitophorus quercicola, Lachnus allegheniensis, Neosymydobius mimicus, Myzocallis species, and Stegophylla querci) and Ulmus americana (with Eriosoma species and Tinocallis ulmifolii) occur naturally in this area. Boreal Plains species such as white spruce (host to Mindarus obliquus and several Cinara species) and birches (host to species of Calaphis, Euceraphis, and Symydobius) occur in higher areas, such as Spruce Woods Provincial Park in Manitoba and Moose Mountain in Saskatchewan. Hysteroneura setariae, which alternates between Prunus and grasses in eastern North America (and is widespread in the tropics as completely asexual populations on grasses), has been collected in eastern Manitoba and occasionally recorded from grain crops (Robinson and Hsu 1963; Gavloski and Meers 2011).
Cypress Hills
The aphids present in the transition from the surrounding grasslands to the higher elevations of the Cypress Hills are similar to those in the transition from the grasslands to parkland, although the transition is more abrupt. In addition, typical boreal species may be found, such as several Cinara species, Mindarus obliquus, and adelgid species on Picea glauca, as well as Tamalia coweni on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Several aphid species normally found in montane regions are also present. These include Cinara nigra and Essigella knowltoni (on Pinus contorta), Ericaphis gentneri (on Crataegus sp.), and Aphis lupini (on Lupinus sp.). Also found on Crataegus sp. is the eastern North American species Utamphorophora crataegi.
Wetlands
The willows (Salix), sedges (Carex), rushes (Juncus), bulrushes (Scirpus), and cattails (Typha) of stream banks and persistent wetlands, including those occurring within the grassland area, are hosts to a number of aphid species. Aphis farinosa, Macrosiphum californicum, and several species of Chaitophorus and Pterocomma occur on willows. Cavariella species use willows as overwintering hosts and various umbelliferous plants as summer hosts. Rhopalosiphum enigmae lives within the leaf sheath at the base of cattail plants and Thripsaphis species feed on Carex.
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 367
Adventive Aphids of Agricultural and Horticultural Systems
The substantial adventive aphid fauna of North America has been documented by Foottit et al. (2006). The cosmopolitan polyphagous aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae, occur commonly on a number of agricultural and horticultural crops, as well as on various weeds and native plants. Macrosiphum euphorbiae, apparently native to eastern North America, is now found worldwide. It uses Rosa as a winter host, but accepts a wide range of plants as summer hosts, including many ornamental and dicot crop plants.
Gavloski and Meers (2011) summarized the aphid fauna associated with grain crops. The cosmopolitan species Rhopalosiphum padi, the bird cherry-oat aphid (using chokecherry as overwintering host), and Metopolophium dirhodum (with rose as overwintering host) are among the most abundant species in most trap samples. Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, is found in both north and south temperate areas of the world. It is common in moist areas, where it occurs on species of various plants, mainly graminoid monocots, but as its name implies, it is also common on grain crops. Diuraphis tritici was described from North America, but may be of East Asian origin (Blackman and Eastop 2006). Diuraphis frequens and D. noxia (Russian wheat aphid) originate in Europe and central Asia, respectively. Rhopalosiphum maidis and Schizaphis graminum do not overwinter in the Canadian Prairies, but in some years, migration from more southern regions results in economically signifi cant outbreaks. Sipha elegans (= S. agropyrella) and S. glyceriae are common throughout the northern hemisphere and S. fl ava is broadly distributed in the United States and South America. There are several records of S. elegans from various localities in the Prairies Ecozone, and the other two Sipha species have been found in southern Manitoba.
Aphids also feed on various dicot crops. Lipaphis pseudobrassicae and Brevicoryne brassicae occur on both cultivated (Gavloski et al. 2011) and weedy crucifers (Brassicaceae), including native species. Soroka and Otani (2011) include the aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum, Therioaphis trifolii (including form maculata), T. riehmi, and Nearctaphis bakeri in their discussion of insects on legume forage crops. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, was fi rst recorded in North America in 2000 (Hunt et al. 2003) and is now distributed through most of the soybean-growing areas of the continent, including southern Manitoba.
Two drought-tolerant central Asian shrub species, extensively planted across the prairies as ornamentals and in windbreaks, and persisting at sites of abandoned farmsteads, have associated aphid species: Acyrthosiphon caraganae, Therioaphis tenera (on Caragana arborescens), and Hyadaphis tataricae (on Lonicera tartarica). Although T. tenera was only recently recognized in North America (in Quebec; Quednau 2003), it was found by the authors to be widely distributed in Alberta and Saskatchewan in 2009 and 2010. Artemisia species introduced by early settlers for medicinal and culinary purposes, and now naturalized in many areas, brought with them several species of Coloradoa, a Palearctic genus of inconspicuous aphids specializing on wormwoods and other anthemids.
Urban Forests
Planting of trees in urban areas and as windbreaks has resulted in the extension of the range of several species of aphid found in the boreal or eastern forests. In particular, several Cinara species feeding on spruce are now widely distributed across the region, Eriosoma species occur on elm wherever it is planted, and several aphids species are found (or are expected) on ornamental birches.
368 R. G. Foottit and E. Maw
Biogeographical Aspects
The aphids associated strictly with grassland habitat are primarily a northern extension of the ranges of species occurring in the Great Plains and Great Basin of the United States. The largest proportion of the species in the Prairies Ecozone occurs in areas of transition on plants that are also found in the Boreal Plains and eastern deciduous forest. A few western montane species occur in the Cypress Hills. Because of the transformation of the region by agriculture, the most prominent species in terms of numbers are those that came from Eurasia with their crop and weed hosts.
Research Priorities
Most aphid-collecting efforts in the Prairies Ecozone have been focused on agricultural (A.M. Harper) and forestry (G.A. Bradley) needs. The aphid fauna of southern Manitoba is well-known because of the work of A.G. Robinson. However, the distribution and abundance of most of the species found in the drier grasslands has been little studied. For example, Canadian records of many of the Artemisia-feeding species are based on only a few collections made by the authors in 2009 and 2010. Root aphids are a substantially unstudied component of the fauna. The few collections available contain specimens that do not fi t within the known variation of described species (Newton et al. 2011). The secondary (summer) hosts for poplar-gall forming species are roots of various plants, but the specifi c associations for most species are unclear or unknown.
The lack of collections available for many species (both within Canada and in the broader range of these species) has resulted in a poor understanding of the range of variation in characters among and within taxa. Analysis of this variation would aid in the resolution of boundaries and more robust defi nitions of species, especially in speciose genera such as Uroleucon and Pleotrichophorus.
Even among more extensively collected taxa, there is need for more detailed analysis to delimit morphologically cryptic species. The application of DNA sequence data is a useful tool in identifying cryptic taxa. For example, a recent DNA analysis of sugarbeet root aphid showed that samples identifi ed as Pemphigus betae based on gall morphology in fact belong to three species, one of which is undescribed (Foottit et al. 2010).
Acknowledgements
This review would not have been possible without the efforts of past workers who collected the aphids, notably G.A. Bradley, A.M. Harper, W.R. Richards, A.G. Robinson, J.D. Stanger, and P. Story. The critical comments of two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged.
ReferencesAngiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classifi cation for the
orders and families of fl owering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 105–121.Blackman, R.L., and Eastop, V.F. 2006. Aphids on the World’s Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, Vol. 2: The
Aphids. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.Dixon, A.F.G. 2005. Insect Herbivore-Host Dynamics: Tree-Dwelling Aphids. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, England. Eastop, V.F. 1961. A Study of the Aphididae (Homoptera) of West Africa. British Museum of Natural History,
London, U.K.
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of the Prairies Ecozone of Canada 369
Floate, K.D. 2010. Gall-inducing aphids and mites associated with the hybrid complex of cottonwoods, Populus spp. (Salicaceae), on Canada’s grasslands. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Vol. 1: Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats. Edited by J.D. Shorthouse and K.D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 281–300.
Foottit, R.G., Floate, K., and Maw, E. 2010. Molecular evidence for sympatric taxa within Pemphigus betae (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae). The Canadian Entomologist, 142: 344–353.
Foottit, R.G., Halbert, S.E., Miller, G.L., Maw, E., and Russell, L.M. 2006. Adventive aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108: 583–610.
Gavloski, J., Cárcamo, H., and Dosdall, L. 2011. Insects of canola, mustard, and fl ax in Canadian grasslands. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Vol. 2: Inhabitants of a Changing Landscape. Edited by K.D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 181–214.
Gavloski, J., and Meers, S. 2011. Arthropods of cereal crops in Canadian grasslands. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Vol. 2: Inhabitants of a Changing Landscape. Edited by K.D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 217–237.
Harper, A.M., and Bradley, G.A. 1987. Aphids of Alberta. Technical Bulletin 1987-7E. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Hunt, D., Foottit, R., Gagnier, D., and Baute, T. 2003. First Canadian records of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The Canadian Entomologist, 135: 879–881.
Maw, H.E.L., Foottit, R.G., Hamilton, K.G.A., and Scudder, G.G.E. 2000. Checklist of the Hemiptera of Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario.
Newton, J.S., Glasier, J., Maw, H.E.L., Proctor, H.C., and Foottit, R.G. 2011. Ants and subterranean Sternorrhyncha in native grassland in east-central Alberta, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 143: 518–523.
Nieto Nafría, J.M., Mier Durante, M.P., and Remaudière, G. 1998. Les noms des taxa du groupe-famille chez les Aphididae (Hemiptera). Revue Française d’Entomologie (N. S.), 19: 77–92.
Quednau, F.W. 1990. Two new genera and three new species of Drepanosiphonine aphids from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions (Homoptera: Aphididae). The Canadian Entomologist, 122: 907–919.
Quednau, F.W. 2003. Atlas of the Drepanosiphine aphids of the world. Part II. Panaphidini Oestlund, 1923 – Panaphidina, Oestlund, 1923 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Calaphidinae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 72: 1–301.
Remaudière G., and Remaudière, M. 1997. Catalogue des Aphididae du monde/Catalogue of the World’s Aphididae. Homoptera Aphidoidea. INRA Editions, Versailles, France.
Robinson, A.G. 1967. A new genus, Misturaphis, and a new species of Cryptaphis from Manitoba (Homoptera: Aphididae) with a note on Pseudasiphonaphis anogis. The Canadian Entomologist, 99: 565–569.
Robinson, A.G., and Hsu, S.-J. 1963. Host plant records and biology of aphids on cereal grains and grasses of Manitoba (Homoptera: Aphididae). The Canadian Entomologist, 95: 134–137.
Robinson, A.G., and Lamb, R.J. 1991. Aphids of Manitoba. Technical Bulletin 1991-7E. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Shorthouse, J.D. 2010. Ecoregions of Canada’s prairie grasslands. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Vol. 1: Ecology and Interactions in Grassland Habitats. Edited by J.D. Shorthouse and K.D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 53–81.
Soroka J., and Otani, J. 2011. Arthropods of legume forage crops. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Vol. 2: Inhabitants of a Changing Landscape. Edited by K.D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 239–264.
Von Dohlen, C.D., Rowe, C.A., and Heie, O.E. 2006. A test of morphological hypotheses for tribal and subtribal relationships of Aphidinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) using DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38: 316–329.