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Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development
Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Male Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System
• Primary Organs
– Gonads: testes
• Accessory Structures
– Ducts that transport sperm cells & hormones
– Exocrine glands
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Male Reproductive System (cont’d)The Male Reproductive System (cont’d)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
TestesTestes
• Located outside body, midline below torso
• Suspended by spermatic cord in scrotum
• Spermatic cord: bundle of blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves
• Oval-shaped
• Site of sperm generation
• Produce testosterone
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Structure of the TestisStructure of the Testis
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
TestosteroneTestosterone
• Main male sex hormone
• Diffuses from testes into surrounding fluid & is absorbed into bloodstream
• Functions:
– Develops & maintains reproductive structures
– Develops sperm cells
– Develops secondary sex characteristics (deeper voice, body hair)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
SpermatozoaSpermatozoa
• Sperm cells
• Fertilize egg cell
• >200 million in average ejaculation
• Manufactured continuously after puberty in testes
• Head: nucleus containing chromosomes, enzymes to penetrate ovum
• Tail: propels sperm through female reproductive system to reach ovum
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Accessory StructuresAccessory Structures
• Epididymis– Coiled tube on surface of testes
– Stores sperm
• Vas deferens– Duct in spermatic cord
– Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct
• Ejaculatory duct– Delivers sperm to urethra
• Penis: delivers sperm to vagina during intercourse
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
SemenSemen
• Mix of sperm cells & secretions from other glands
• Expelled from body in ejaculation
• Functions of secretions in semen:– Nourish sperm cells
– Transport them
– Neutralize acidity of male urethra & female vaginal tract
– Lubricate female reproductive tract during intercourse
– Prevent infection by using antibacterial enzymes & antibodies
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Urethra and PenisThe Urethra and Penis
• Urethra– Tube that transports both urine & semen through pelvic cavity &
penis
– Ejection of semen made possible by erection
• Penis– Made of spongy tissue that engorges with blood when erect
– Contractions of skeletal muscles in pelvic floor expel semen
– Penis & scrotum make up male external genitalia
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Common Diseases and Conditions of the Male Reproductive SystemCommon Diseases and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System
• Enlarged prostate
• Prostate cancer
• Testicular cancer
• Orchitis
• Cryptorchidism
• Epididymitis
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Female Reproductive SystemThe Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries– Female gonads
– Site of egg formation
• Accessory Structures– Uterus
– Various passageways
– Bartholin glands
– External genitalia
– Breasts
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The OvariesThe Ovaries
• Outer layer consists of single layer of epithelium
• Ovarian follicle– Cluster of cells where ovum ripens
– Secretes estrogen, beginning development of endometrium
• Ovulation– Follicle ruptures & discharges ripened egg
• Menstruation– The sloughing off of endometrium
– Expulsion of unfertilized egg
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Accessory StructuresAccessory Structures
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Bartholin glands
• Vulva & perineum
• Breasts
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Menstrual CycleThe Menstrual Cycle
• Process that prepares female’s body for pregnancy
• Egg ripens & is released
• Endometrium is prepared
• If no fertilization:
– Estrogen & progesterone levels decrease
– Bloody discharge
• Average duration: 2 to 6 days
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Common Diseases and Conditions of the Female Reproductive SystemCommon Diseases and Conditions of the Female Reproductive System
• Cervical cancer
• Ovarian tumors
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Uterine cancer
• Breast cancer
• Endometriosis
• Fibroid tumors
• Menstrual disorders
• Yeast infection
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Effects of Aging on the Reproductive SystemEffects of Aging on the Reproductive System
• Men: decrease in testosterone production
• Women: menopause—menstruation gradually ceases
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Common Diseases and Conditions of Both the Male & Female Reproductive SystemsCommon Diseases and Conditions of Both the Male & Female Reproductive Systems
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Syphilis
• Genital herpes
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Pubic lice
• Infertility
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Factors Influencing Growth and DevelopmentFactors Influencing Growth and Development
• Heredity
• Prenatal factors (mother’s age/health during pregnancy)
• Caregiver factors (mental illness)
• Individual differences (vision & hearing impairments)
• Health or illness
• Environment, including culture
• Nutrition
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Stages of Growth and DevelopmentStages of Growth and Development
• Embryo & fetus
• Neonate (birth to 1 month)
• Infant (1 month to 1 year)
• Toddler (1-3 years)
• Preschool child (3-6 years)
• School-aged child (6-12 years)
• Adolescent (12-18 years)
• Young adult (18-40 years)
• Middle-aged adult (40-65 years)
• Older adult (>65 years)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Stages of GriefStages of Grief
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Theories of DevelopmentTheories of Development
• Erik Erikson
• Robert J. Havighurst
• Sigmund Freud
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs