Chapter 12Chapter 12

Measuring in Competitive Measuring in Competitive Sports and CoachingSports and Coaching

Impact of Measurement Impact of Measurement on Sportson Sports

• Equipment requirements for different Equipment requirements for different groups increase a sport’s expense.groups increase a sport’s expense.

• Rule changes make recordkeeping Rule changes make recordkeeping difficult.difficult.

• Logistics can be complicated if different Logistics can be complicated if different equipment has to be available and equipment has to be available and moved into place as needed.moved into place as needed.

Measurement Challenges Measurement Challenges in Competitive Sportin Competitive Sport

• Training for officiating:Training for officiating:– How can we make sure that judges and How can we make sure that judges and

officials are valid, reliable, and objective?officials are valid, reliable, and objective?

• Discarding scores (highest and lowest)Discarding scores (highest and lowest)

• Rules and rule changesRules and rule changes

• Changes to the structure of competitions Changes to the structure of competitions and to athletesand to athletes

Your ViewpointYour Viewpoint

• What are examples of measurement What are examples of measurement issues that you’ve observed in sporting issues that you’ve observed in sporting events? Did these issues affect the events? Did these issues affect the outcome of a game or event?outcome of a game or event?

• What solutions would you recommend What solutions would you recommend to address these issues?to address these issues?

Measuring in Coaching, Measuring in Coaching, Teaching, and TrainingTeaching, and Training

• Coach:Coach: Select the best team possible, adjust Select the best team possible, adjust strategy for maximum benefit, and teach others strategy for maximum benefit, and teach others to enjoy the game (regardless of outcome).to enjoy the game (regardless of outcome).

• Teacher:Teacher: Assess and motivate students. Assess and motivate students.

• Trainers and therapists:Trainers and therapists: Evaluate injuries and Evaluate injuries and capabilities, give athletes exercise prescriptions capabilities, give athletes exercise prescriptions and motivate them to complete rehab programs, and motivate them to complete rehab programs, evaluate efficacy of a treatment.evaluate efficacy of a treatment.

Coaches and MeasurementCoaches and Measurement

• Formative and summative evaluations:Formative and summative evaluations:– Formative: Measure and evaluate players Formative: Measure and evaluate players

during practice and during games.during practice and during games.– Summative: Pick the starting team and select Summative: Pick the starting team and select

award recipients.award recipients.

• Quantitative and qualitative measures:Quantitative and qualitative measures:– Quantitative: Scoring, general performance, Quantitative: Scoring, general performance,

skill abilityskill ability– Qualitative: Coachability, leadership, and Qualitative: Coachability, leadership, and

determinationdetermination

Measuring Recruits—Measuring Recruits—Professional SportProfessional Sport

• Spend time and effort examining every Spend time and effort examining every aspect of a potential investmentaspect of a potential investment

• Conduct various tests:Conduct various tests:– Combine: Tryout to determine which Combine: Tryout to determine which

prospects to draftprospects to draft– Post-combine performance testingPost-combine performance testing– Tests of specific skillsTests of specific skills

NFL Drafting TestNFL Drafting Test

• 50-item Wonderlic 50-item Wonderlic intelligence testintelligence test

• Height and weight Height and weight measurementsmeasurements

• 225-lb. bench press225-lb. bench press

• Standing broad jumpStanding broad jump• 40-yard dash40-yard dash• Shuttle runShuttle run• Vertical jumpVertical jump

Measuring Recruits—Measuring Recruits—College SportCollege Sport

• Analyze films and reports from high school Analyze films and reports from high school coachescoaches

• Test students at football summer campTest students at football summer camp• Consider factors not related to athletic Consider factors not related to athletic

performance:performance:– AcademicsAcademics– AttitudeAttitude– Cooperation/coachabilityCooperation/coachability

Film Analysis Form for Evaluating Film Analysis Form for Evaluating a Defensive Teama Defensive Team

Your ViewpointYour Viewpoint

• Pretend you are a college coach recruiting Pretend you are a college coach recruiting for a particular sport. What key qualities do for a particular sport. What key qualities do you want to see in the athletes you are you want to see in the athletes you are recruiting?recruiting?

• How would you measure or evaluate those How would you measure or evaluate those qualities in your recruits?qualities in your recruits?

Measuring in Athletic TrainingMeasuring in Athletic Training

• Modern medical measurements:Modern medical measurements:– Previously, only X-raysPreviously, only X-rays– Now, new equipment (CT scans, MRIs), Now, new equipment (CT scans, MRIs),

faster laboratory results, and an abundance faster laboratory results, and an abundance of dataof data

– Technology offers new treatment modalitiesTechnology offers new treatment modalities

(continued)(continued)

Measuring in Athletic TrainingMeasuring in Athletic Training(continued)(continued)

• Using standard scores:Using standard scores:– Comparison to a norm (e.g., other athletes) or Comparison to a norm (e.g., other athletes) or

to some criterion (e.g., an uninvolved body to some criterion (e.g., an uninvolved body part) part)

• Assessing hydration status:Assessing hydration status:– Challenge to trainersChallenge to trainers– A rapid change in body weight—only practical A rapid change in body weight—only practical

method for measuringmethod for measuring

• Assessing potential for heat injuriesAssessing potential for heat injuries

Assessing Potential forAssessing Potential forHeat InjuriesHeat Injuries

• Dry bulb temperatureDry bulb temperature

• Wet bulb temperatureWet bulb temperature

• Globe temperatureGlobe temperature

• Wet bulb globe temperature Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT):(WBGT):– Weighted average of the Weighted average of the

other temperaturesother temperatures

Calculating WBGTCalculating WBGT

• WGBT = 0.7 WGBT = 0.7 ** wet bulb temperature + wet bulb temperature + 0.2 0.2 ** dry bulb temperature + 0.1 dry bulb temperature + 0.1 ** globe globe temperaturetemperature

• If a wet bulb reading is 30If a wet bulb reading is 30º C, dry bulb º C, dry bulb is 35º C, and globe reading is 38º C:is 35º C, and globe reading is 38º C:

(30 (30 ** 0.7) + (35 0.7) + (35 ** 0.2) + (38 0.2) + (38 ** 0.1) = 0.1) =

21 + 7 + 3.8 = 31.821 + 7 + 3.8 = 31.8º Cº C

Calculating a Wet Bulb Calculating a Wet Bulb Globe TemperatureGlobe Temperature

Significance of Three Significance of Three Weighted MeasurementsWeighted Measurements

• ““Hotness” of a day:Hotness” of a day:– Combination of air temperature, humidity, Combination of air temperature, humidity,

and windand wind– WBGT reflects all three factorsWBGT reflects all three factors

• Wet bulb temperature (body’s heat loss Wet bulb temperature (body’s heat loss through sweat evaporation) is most through sweat evaporation) is most important; makes up 70% of WBGT.important; makes up 70% of WBGT.

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature—Wet Bulb Globe Temperature—Risk for RunningRisk for Running

WBGT and Various AthletesWBGT and Various Athletes

• Football players:Football players:– Need to make an adjustment to the Need to make an adjustment to the

measured WBGT to account for heavy measured WBGT to account for heavy clothing and equipment.clothing and equipment.

• Young athletes:Young athletes:– Be alert for Be alert for heat-related symptoms, offer rest heat-related symptoms, offer rest

periods and plenty of fluids.periods and plenty of fluids.– WGBT at or above 85º F or 29.4 º C: All WGBT at or above 85º F or 29.4 º C: All

outdoor athletic activities should be outdoor athletic activities should be prohibited.prohibited.

Measuring in Hunting and FishingMeasuring in Hunting and Fishing

• Fish: Fish: – Measure weight or lengthMeasure weight or length

• Big game animals:Big game animals:– Measure body weight and pointsMeasure body weight and points– www.boone-crockett.org

Measuring Multisport CompetitionsMeasuring Multisport Competitions

• Biathlons and triathlonsBiathlons and triathlons

• Perhaps the greatest measurement Perhaps the greatest measurement challenge in sports:challenge in sports:– Course set-ups affect which group of Course set-ups affect which group of

athletes will be favored; e.g., longer swim athletes will be favored; e.g., longer swim vs. longer run portionvs. longer run portion

– Comparison of times difficult among events Comparison of times difficult among events on different courseson different courses

Advances inAdvances inSport MeasurementSport Measurement

• Instant replayInstant replay

• Electronic timingElectronic timing

• VideographyVideography

• Biomechanical analysisBiomechanical analysis

• Biomechanical measurementsBiomechanical measurements

Testing for Illicit SubstancesTesting for Illicit Substances

• Alcohol testing: Alcohol testing: – Field performance tests, breathalyzers, Field performance tests, breathalyzers,

blood alcohol testsblood alcohol tests

• Drug testing:Drug testing:– Blood samples, urinalysis, hair samples, Blood samples, urinalysis, hair samples,

salivasaliva

Illicit Substances Used by Athletes Illicit Substances Used by Athletes and Employeesand Employees

• NCAA’s list of banned NCAA’s list of banned drugs:drugs:http://www.ncaa.org/wps/ncaa?ContentID=283

• Substances commonly Substances commonly tested for in tested for in employment drug tests:employment drug tests:– AlcoholAlcohol– MarijuanaMarijuana– CocaineCocaine– AmphetaminesAmphetamines– OpiatesOpiates– PCPPCP– GHBGHB

Possible Outcomes of Drug TestsPossible Outcomes of Drug Tests• Valid and desirable:Valid and desirable:

– True positiveTrue positive– True negativeTrue negative

• Not desirable:Not desirable:– False positiveFalse positive– False negativeFalse negative

• Sensitivity: Probability of a positive test Sensitivity: Probability of a positive test among people with a condition.among people with a condition.

• Specificity: Probability of a negative test Specificity: Probability of a negative test among those who do not have the condition.among those who do not have the condition.