Chapter 12: Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath

1200-1500

John ErmerAP World History

Miami Beach Sr. High

Happening Now Americas

1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan 1438-1533: Inca Empire

Europe 1215: Magna Carta signed in England 1337-1453: Hundred Years War 1454: Gutenberg Bible printed

Middle East 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate 1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople

Africa 1324-25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca 1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa

Rise & Rule of The Mongols Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia

Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters Slave labor, tribute clans Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women

1206-1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh

punishment for enemies 1206-1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran

1227-1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei Established capital at Karakorum Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors 1236-1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary

1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublai declares himself Khan 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China Other mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations

Genghis’s Family of KhansGenghis Khan r. 1206-1227

Jochi

Batur. 1224-1255

Golden Horde of Russia

Jagadair. 1227-1242

Jagadai Khanate

Ögödeir. 1227-1241

Güyükr. 1246-1248

Tolui

Möngker. 1248-1257

Khubilair. 1265-1294Yuan Emperor

Hülegür. 1256-1265

Il-khan Emperor

Mongol Domains, 1300

Mongols & Islam Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of

Baghdad Cultures difficult to reconcile Il-kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia

Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in Palestine, Lebanon

Convert to Islam in 1295 Golden Horde North Central Asia

Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle

East and India

Responses in Western Eurasia

Russia Golden Hoard rules from Sarai in south

Granted privileges to Orthodox Church Russian language dominates Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials

Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers Power and population shifts north

Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar

Anatolia and Eastern Europe Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge

(Lithuania, Serbia) Ottoman Turks establish sultanates in Anatolia

Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed Istanbul

Mongols In China Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues Yuan successes:

Secure transportation & communication Eurasian cultural & population exchange Transmission of information, ideas, and skills Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city

Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese

Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties

Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty

Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established

Ming China Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes emperor Hongwu

Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof)

Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing Espouses Confucian view of imperial power Declares war on “barbarians” Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia Silver replaces paper money

Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City Reopens relations with rest of Asia Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He)

Ming China not as innovative as Song China Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth

East Asia & The Mongols

Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule Mongol threat forces centralization

Korea conquered, local traditions thrive Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and

trade, move capital to Seoul Renew study of Confucian classics Breakthrough in printing technology

Japan and Annam Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols

Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure

Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement

Annam After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam