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Chapter 12 p. 553-592PERSONALITYPersonalityIn this unit we will explore what makes us unique as individuals our unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize us as a person and make up our personality5 perspectives:1.) Psychoanalytic (Freud)2.) Trait3.) Biology4.) Humanism5.) Socio-CognitiveSigmund Freud and PSYCHOANALYSIS

PSYCHOANALYSIS

FREUDSigmund Freud is the father of PSYCHOANALYSISProbably the most widely recognized psychologist by the general publicLove him or hate him had a profound impact on Psychology and Western cultureAustrian JewishMD from University of ViennaSpecialized in nervous disorders baffled by patients who had no biological cause for such disordersFreud concluded the problem was in their head and created the talking cureFreuds Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freuds Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentEach developmental stage emphasizes a sexual conflict

Unresolved conflicts cause fixation developmental issues later in life

Oedipus/Complex - during the Phallic stage. A boys sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy/hatred towards the rival father. (girls experience a parallel Electra Complex). Successful resolution results in the child identifying with the same sex parent (if you cant beat them, join them), and learning their gender role from that parent.Freuds Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentOedipus ComplexIdentification resolution by learning gender identity from same sex parent

Freud the UNCONSCIOUSIceberg analogyMuch of our behavior (problems, issues, etc.) rooted in Uncon contains thoughts, memories, feelings, desires, etc that we are unaware ofPrimary goal of Psychotherapy projection of the uncon to the con level (dream inter, TAT, ink blot, free association hypnosis)

Projective TestsDream AnalysisRorschach Ink Blot

Projective Tests TATThematic Apperception TestTell a story about what you see

Freuds Personality Structure1.) ID first to develop in the unconInstincts, pleasure principle, immediate gratificationI want what I want, regardless of the consequences and I want it now

2.) EGO second to developReality principleGreat negotiator mediates between the id and reality, and the id and the superego

3.) SUPEREGO last to develop.Moral compass/conscience tells you to do good, choose rightStrives for perfection how we should behave

Freuds Defense Mechanisms

Criticisms of FreudLittle empirical evidence not objective, not scientificLittle predictive power only explains after the factFreud overestimates the role of sexFreud overestimates the importance of early childhoodFreud doesnt get women Repression does it really exist? Most people painfully remember/relive details of traumatic eventsFreud overestimates role of uncon is it more about automatic behaviors and not painful memoriesNeo-Freudians off shoots that were heavily influenced by Freud

Carl Jung early on was Freuds golden boy. They later had a falling out. Divided the uncon.

Personal uncon: same as Freuds uncon our personal treasure trove of damaging thoughts and memories

Collective uncon: passed down through species across cultures. Includes archetypes/universal concepts fear of dark, concern about spiritual questionsNeo FreudiansKaren Horney Agreed with Freud about the importance of childhood. Disagreed with sexual emphasis (said social tensions are more important). Also disagreed with Freuds theories on women.Erik Erikson friends with Freuds daughter and familiar with the family. Built on Freuds psychosexual stages. Expanded them through life and made the conflict social, not sexual.Alfred Adler downplayed role of uncon; focused more on con. Says people motivated by fear of failure (inferiority) and desire to achieve (superiority). Also studied how birth order affects personality.TRAIT PERSPECTIVETrait PerspectiveSeeks to describe ones personality by listing traits or characteristics. (ex: lazy, outgoing, hard working, honest, energetic, etc.)

Less concerned with explaining a persons traits than they are with simply describing them

Traits are thought to be stable and consistent across time and situations (especially for adults). Ex: A friendly person will demonstrate this trait at work, in their neighborhood, on their sports team, at church, etc. It will surface in all walks of life and across time.Trait Nomothetic ApproachPre-created personality assessments. Uses the same basic set of traits to describe all personalities (everyone fits into a pre-determined category.

Uses factor analysis (statistical technique) to determine categories/traits. Ex: talkative, friendly, outgoing, social.all cluster and we call it extroversion. Ex: punctuality, diligence, neatness, hard working cluster and we call it conscientiousness.Nomothetic Approach Hans Eyesenck

Nomothetic Approach Big 5

Idiographic ApproachTrait theorists who dont believe in pre-fab trait tests. People are unique and complicated. Its impossible to classify peoples personality in terms of pre-determined personality categories.Final thoughts trait perspectivePersonality Inventories are given to assess peoples traits. i.e. long questionnairesMMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory = most widely used personality inventory

Are our traits stable throughout life?? The older you get the more stable your traits/behaviors are (i.e. the less you change)BIOLOGY PERSECTIVEBIOLOGYViews genes, DNA, chemicals/hormones and neurotransmitters as the primary basis for our personality traits

How heritable is personality? Evidence suggests temperaments are heritable but environments can enhance (or not) these natural temperaments

HippocratesEarly theorist personality determined by 4 fluids of body.

Precursor for chemical imbalances (ex: depression has low levels of serotonin, schizophrenics have excessive dopamine)

William SheldonSays body type/build correlated with personality type

No credibility today

HUMANISMBe Your BEST self!!!

HUMANISM3rd Force: Humanism arose in reaction to Psychoanalysis and behaviorism both deterministic theories we are a product of our past and what happens to us

Humanism stresses free will and human goodnessOur ability to make our own choicesChart our own futureRise above our past determine our own destinyPeople are innately good

Humanism - SELFHumanism is an introspective therapy which focuses on the selfDeveloping self-esteem

Bringing the ideal self and the real self closer togetherWhat can you change? What can you improve? What should you let go?

Ultimately self-actualizing and reaching your ultimate potentialAbraham MaslowSelf actualized people self aware, accepting, open, caring, secure, confident, loving, have close relationships, often have a mission in life, not paralyzed by others opinions. Have become their BEST self.

CARL ROGERS

ROGERSSays people need unconditional positive regard to reach their full potential. Blanket worth/acceptance. You will be loved and valued no matter what you do. Especially important in parent child relationshipPeople should be genuine, accepting, and empathetic these are the water, sun, and nutrients that enable people to grow and developClient Centered TherapySelf concept all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question Who Am I? If our self-concept is positive we tend to act and perceive the world positively. If it is negative, we feel dissatisfied and unhappy. Goal of therapy help client know, accept, and be true to themselves

Criticisms of HumanismIts concepts are vague and subjective (not empirical, not scientific)

Its assumptions about human nature are nave if people are generally good, why do such bad things happen? Not everyone is awesome!

Its values are individualistic and self-centeredToo much focus on self/me (self concept, self esteem, self actualize)Should be more collectivistic (look outward) and less about the selfSocio-Cultural PerspectiveS-C combines Behaviorisms emphasis on the environment with Cognitions emphasis on thought processesAlbert Bandura triadic reciprocality triadic determinismPersonality is a product of a personsPersonal traitsBehaviorsEnvironment

They interplay off each other in a loop like, reciprocal fashionEx: Pete is a friendly guy (trait). He seeks out social environments (party). He works the crowd and talks to everyone there (behaviors).

Julian Rotter Locus of ControlInternal locus of control: feel in control of your life. What happens to you is a result of internal factors your behaviors, your efforts, your attitudeExternal locus of control: life happens to you. Circumstances of your life are a result of luck, fate, other people, uncontrollable circumstances

Locus of ControlInternals typically

Achieve more in school and work

Enjoy better health

Are less depressed (dont feel helpless)

Too extreme internal could be bad take everything so personal even if its not your fault

George Kelly Personal Construct TheoryPeople develop systems of personal constructs (like a schema) often in pairs of oppositesGood Bad, Nice-Mean, Fun Boring, Right Wrong

We use these constructs to evaluate the world and our behavior is often determined by our construct of how we interpret the worldEx: If early on I decide that a teacher is nice and their class is fun I will work harder. If I decide that they are mean and their class is boring I will likely check out.

Kelly also said best prediction of how someone will behave in the future is how they behaved in the past!