Chapter 12: Chapter 12: ReconstructionReconstruction

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12-1 Presidential 12-1 Presidential ReconstructionReconstruction

Reconstruction:Reconstruction: the federal program the federal program designed to repair the damage done to the designed to repair the damage done to the south and bring the southern states back south and bring the southern states back into the Unioninto the Union

Lasts from the War’s end in 1865 until 1877Lasts from the War’s end in 1865 until 1877

The South in RuinsThe South in Ruins

Physical DestructionPhysical Destruction Shipping industryShipping industry Farms and equipmentFarms and equipment Entire citiesEntire cities

Human costsHuman costs 364,000 Northern troops364,000 Northern troops 260,000 Confederate 260,000 Confederate

troopstroops Countless civilian Countless civilian

casualtiescasualties

Southern HardshipsSouthern Hardships African AmericansAfrican Americans FarmersFarmers

Captured and Captured and Abandoned Property Abandoned Property Act of 1863Act of 1863

LaborersLaborers

Punishment or Punishment or PardonPardon?? The Constitution provided The Constitution provided

no policy for the situation no policy for the situation being facedbeing faced

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan: Plan: The Ten Percent PlanThe Ten Percent Plan 1. Offered a pardon to any confederate soldier 1. Offered a pardon to any confederate soldier

who pledged allegiance to the Union and who pledged allegiance to the Union and obeyed federal policyobeyed federal policy

2. Denied Pardons to military/government 2. Denied Pardons to military/government officials and those who killed African American officials and those who killed African American POW’sPOW’s

Each state could create its own constitution Each state could create its own constitution after 10% of voters pledge allegiance to the after 10% of voters pledge allegiance to the UnionUnion

Could then hold elections and take part in the Could then hold elections and take part in the UnionUnion

Lincoln’s plan Lincoln’s plan (continued)(continued)

Faces heavy resistanceFaces heavy resistance Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans believe the war was believe the war was

fought of the moral issue of slaveryfought of the moral issue of slavery Wade Davis Bill – 1864Wade Davis Bill – 1864 asked that former asked that former

confederates pledge past and future allegiance confederates pledge past and future allegiance and state that they never willingly took arms and state that they never willingly took arms against the U.S.against the U.S.

Lincoln used a Lincoln used a Pocket-VetoPocket-Veto against the bill against the bill

Andrew Johnson; Andrew Johnson; Presidential Presidential ReconstructionReconstruction

1. Pardoned southerners who 1. Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Unionswore allegiance to the Union

2. Permitted each state to 2. Permitted each state to write its own constitutionwrite its own constitution

3. void secession, abolish 3. void secession, abolish slavery, repay debtslavery, repay debt

4. States could then hold 4. States could then hold elections and rejoin the Unionelections and rejoin the Union

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A Newfound FreedomA Newfound Freedom

The ability to move The ability to move freely freely Freed slaves could now Freed slaves could now

move in search of jobs, move in search of jobs, families, and shelterfamilies, and shelter

Freedom to Own LandFreedom to Own Land True freedom from True freedom from

economic independenceeconomic independence

Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion Many sought refuge in Many sought refuge in

the comfort and the comfort and involvement of churchesinvolvement of churches

Freedom of EducationFreedom of Education 90% of African 90% of African

Americans illiterate in Americans illiterate in 18621862

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau The first major federal The first major federal

relief agency in United relief agency in United States historyStates history

12-2 Congressional 12-2 Congressional ReconstructionReconstruction

Johnson’s plan allows southern states to Johnson’s plan allows southern states to re-establish their own governments and re-establish their own governments and make new lawsmake new laws

Black Codes: Black Codes: Laws that restricted the Laws that restricted the rights of freedmen, creating a different rights of freedmen, creating a different sort of slavery.sort of slavery. Curfews – Vagrancy Laws – Labor Contracts Curfews – Vagrancy Laws – Labor Contracts

– Land Restrictions– Land Restrictions

The Fourteenth AmendmentThe Fourteenth Amendment

Radical Republicans and Congress oppose Radical Republicans and Congress oppose Democratic control in the south.Democratic control in the south. 1866 Civil Rights Act1866 Civil Rights Act: meant to outlaw all Black : meant to outlaw all Black

CodesCodes Johnson vetoes the billJohnson vetoes the bill OverriddenOverridden

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment: States that no state shall : States that no state shall make a law that deprives a person of “life, liberty, or make a law that deprives a person of “life, liberty, or property” without due process of the lawproperty” without due process of the law

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

Radicals opted for more reform than Radicals opted for more reform than others. others. Civil RightsCivil Rights: wanted civil liberties to be : wanted civil liberties to be

protected by law for the African American protected by law for the African American people.people.

Moderates were uncertain about thisModerates were uncertain about this This begins to lessen as whites show more This begins to lessen as whites show more

and more aggression and violence towards and more aggression and violence towards the African Americansthe African Americans

Radicals vs. JohnsonRadicals vs. Johnson

Reconstruction Act of 1867Reconstruction Act of 1867 Military rule…. 5 districts, 5 northern Military rule…. 5 districts, 5 northern

generalsgenerals New elections and new New elections and new

constitutionsconstitutions African Americans can vote! – African Americans can vote! –

temporarily, confederate supporters temporarily, confederate supporters could notcould not

South must guarantee equal rightsSouth must guarantee equal rights Must ratify the 14Must ratify the 14thth Amendment Amendment

Pres Vs. CongressPres Vs. Congress Charles Sumner – Charles Sumner –

Massachusetts Senator, Massachusetts Senator, founded Republican Party, founded Republican Party, fought for civil rightsfought for civil rights

Thaddeus Stevens- Thaddeus Stevens- Pennsylvania Pennsylvania congressman who congressman who threatened Johnson’s threatened Johnson’s presidencypresidency

Edwin StantonEdwin Stanton Johnson attempts to fire Johnson attempts to fire

him to prevent his taking him to prevent his taking over military rule in the over military rule in the south (Stanton was a south (Stanton was a Radical)Radical)

Tenure in Office Act Tenure in Office Act (1867):(1867): restricted the restricted the presidents abilities, he presidents abilities, he had to clear any hiring or had to clear any hiring or firing with Congress.firing with Congress. www.sonofthesouth.net

Impeachment: Impeachment: to charge a president to charge a president with a crime while in office.with a crime while in office.

February 24February 24thth, 1868 – Thaddeus Stevens , 1868 – Thaddeus Stevens leads effort and a vote of 126 to 47 is cast to leads effort and a vote of 126 to 47 is cast to impeach Johnsonimpeach Johnson

Tried by Chief Justice Salmon ChaseTried by Chief Justice Salmon Chase May 16May 16thth, 1868 a vote is taken and Johnson , 1868 a vote is taken and Johnson

escapes removal from office by only one voteescapes removal from office by only one vote

Johnson quietly served the rest of his term, Johnson quietly served the rest of his term, but Republicans elected Ulysses S. Grant but Republicans elected Ulysses S. Grant into office in the 1868 election.into office in the 1868 election.

The Fifteenth AmendmentThe Fifteenth Amendment

Demands in the south build from freedmenDemands in the south build from freedmen Voting, holding office, serving in juries, and testifying Voting, holding office, serving in juries, and testifying

in courtin court

The amendment passed in 1869 and was ratified The amendment passed in 1869 and was ratified in 1870. in 1870. It stated that no citizens could be denied the right to It stated that no citizens could be denied the right to

vote, including African Americansvote, including African Americans

Some voting had occurred earlier for African Some voting had occurred earlier for African Americans while the military had registered them in Americans while the military had registered them in the south.the south.

African Americans Get ElectedAfrican Americans Get Elected

The new voters created by the amendment The new voters created by the amendment nearly all voted Republican, while white nearly all voted Republican, while white democrats refused to votedemocrats refused to vote A massive sweep of elections put a large A massive sweep of elections put a large

Republican majority in the southRepublican majority in the south More than 600 African Americans elected to state More than 600 African Americans elected to state

legislatureslegislatures Many would form alliances with white republicans to try Many would form alliances with white republicans to try

to acquire better positionsto acquire better positions By 1875 there would be eight African Americans in the By 1875 there would be eight African Americans in the

House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives By 1876, confidence in these elections would By 1876, confidence in these elections would

decline.decline.

Republicans in the SouthRepublicans in the South

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers: Northern Republicans : Northern Republicans who moved south after the war.who moved south after the war. Often seen as trying to make a quick dollar Often seen as trying to make a quick dollar

off of the destruction in the southoff of the destruction in the south

ScalawagsScalawags: White southern Republicans: White southern Republicans They were seen by other southerners to be They were seen by other southerners to be

traitors. traitors.

12-3 Birth of the “New 12-3 Birth of the “New South”South”

Reconstruction begins to take effect in Reconstruction begins to take effect in the lives and society of the southern the lives and society of the southern peoplepeople

Agricultural changesAgricultural changes Cotton production decreased due to a Cotton production decreased due to a

lack of interest in the labor forcelack of interest in the labor force SharecroppingSharecropping: A process in which a : A process in which a

person or family would be provided housing, person or family would be provided housing, they would farm land for a landowner and they would farm land for a landowner and then be paid with a portion of the harvest.then be paid with a portion of the harvest.

Tenant Farming:Tenant Farming: Individuals would pay to Individuals would pay to rent land and then be free to farm that land rent land and then be free to farm that land however they wished. Because they had this however they wished. Because they had this freedom, they were seen as a higher social freedom, they were seen as a higher social class than the sharecroppersclass than the sharecroppers

ChangesChanges White labor was now more prominent in White labor was now more prominent in

agriculture.agriculture. Cash CropsCash Crops: Farmers now focused on : Farmers now focused on

products that were in high demand such as products that were in high demand such as cotton, tobacco, and sugarcotton, tobacco, and sugar

Many southerners became trapped by debtMany southerners became trapped by debt the the Southern Homestead Act of 1866Southern Homestead Act of 1866 offered offered

cheap land to those who would farm it.cheap land to those who would farm it. Still, by 1876 only 1 in 20 African American Still, by 1876 only 1 in 20 African American

families owned land.families owned land.

Merchants:Merchants: many southerners opened many southerners opened stores to sell the cash crops that were being stores to sell the cash crops that were being produced. produced.

Southern IndustrySouthern Industry

Railroads build cities: The rebuilding of Railroads build cities: The rebuilding of railroads in the south allow for the railroads in the south allow for the movement of people and products movement of people and products between citiesbetween cities

Most southern industries dealt with the Most southern industries dealt with the production of production of Raw MaterialsRaw Materials: products : products which were freshly harvested. These which were freshly harvested. These were sent north for further production.were sent north for further production.

How do you pay for How do you pay for reconstruction?reconstruction?

““gospel of prosperitygospel of prosperity” – It was thought that ” – It was thought that increasing business would solve problems for increasing business would solve problems for everyone.everyone. Rebuilding the Rebuilding the infrastructureinfrastructure of the south after the of the south after the

war took its toll on the people.war took its toll on the people. Government was forced to raise taxes in order to Government was forced to raise taxes in order to

pay for these things, putting further stress on pay for these things, putting further stress on citizenscitizens

With all this cash flow…. Corruption takes its With all this cash flow…. Corruption takes its toll toll

12-4 Reconstruction 12-4 Reconstruction Comes to an EndComes to an End

Rising violence in the south:Rising violence in the south: Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan: a secret society that was : a secret society that was

formed in 1866 and committed violent acts formed in 1866 and committed violent acts against African Americans and whites who against African Americans and whites who attempted to help them.attempted to help them. The claim they fought to defend “white The claim they fought to defend “white

superiority”superiority” Nathan Bedford ForrestNathan Bedford Forrest The Klan also acted violently towards The Klan also acted violently towards

RepublicansRepublicans

Government responds to Government responds to the Klanthe Klan

Enforcement Act of 1870Enforcement Act of 1870: banned “the : banned “the use of terror, force, or bribery” as a way use of terror, force, or bribery” as a way of keeping anyone from votingof keeping anyone from voting

Military force arrested thousands and Military force arrested thousands and held them on trial for participating in KKK held them on trial for participating in KKK actions. actions. Still…. Violence continued towards African Still…. Violence continued towards African

AmericansAmericans

Reasoning for the Close Reasoning for the Close of Reconstructionof Reconstruction

CorruptionCorruption The EconomyThe Economy ViolenceViolence Strengthened DemocratsStrengthened Democrats

Supreme Court shifts control of Civil Supreme Court shifts control of Civil Rights to state governmentsRights to state governments

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep)Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) Samuel Tilden (Dem)Samuel Tilden (Dem)

Hayes loses to Tilden in the popular vote but Hayes loses to Tilden in the popular vote but controversy arises from the electoral collegecontroversy arises from the electoral college Two sets of tallies were submitted that were Two sets of tallies were submitted that were

different different A commission investigated and named Hayes the A commission investigated and named Hayes the

winner, but this was rejected by Democrats in winner, but this was rejected by Democrats in CongressCongress

Compromise of 1877: Hayes would be Compromise of 1877: Hayes would be given the victory he hadn’t won if…given the victory he hadn’t won if… Federal troops were removed from the southFederal troops were removed from the south Railroad and levee funding was providedRailroad and levee funding was provided

This highlighted the end of reconstruction This highlighted the end of reconstruction and gave the Democrats a window of and gave the Democrats a window of opportunity to regain control of southern opportunity to regain control of southern politicspolitics

Success/Failure of Success/Failure of ReconstructionReconstruction

SuccessesSuccesses African American civil African American civil

rights including right to rights including right to vote for menvote for men

Rebuilt the Union Rebuilt the Union including southern including southern statesstates

Repaired damaged Repaired damaged Southern states (cities, Southern states (cities, transportation transportation systems, etc..)systems, etc..)

FailuresFailures Racism continuedRacism continued

Ex: KKKEx: KKK

Economic problems Economic problems happenedhappened

Corruption on a large Corruption on a large scale (south and scale (south and federal gov)federal gov)

Black southerners Black southerners remained in povertyremained in poverty So did poor white pplSo did poor white ppl