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TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL ENERGY
Chapter 12.1
Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. Everything is made of particles
2. These particles move
3. Hot things move faster than cold things
Definitions
Temperature – a measure of average kinetic energy of an object
Thermometer - device that measures temperature (and, as a result, average KE)
Heat Flow
Always from hot to cold objects
Heat flow stops only when all objects are in equilibrium (at the same temp)
Example 1
If A is 75 degrees and B is 25 degrees, at which temperature are they both in equilibrium? To solve, first add up the different
temperatures Next, divide the total temp by 2 (because we
have 2 objects) This is the equilibrium temperature
Answer = 50 degrees
Absolute zero
The temp at which molecular motion stops
Is this cold or hot??
Temperature conversion
Know how to do these…
50°C = _______ K
325 K = ________°C
Temp scales
Conduction
Energy transfer when objects are in direct contact. There must be matter in order for energy to transfer by conduction.
Convection
Energy transfer by air or water currents. Objects are not in direct contact Look for currents Know that hot air and water rises!! Matter is required for heat transfer by
convection
Radiation
Energy transfer thru empty space No matter is required!! Its how the sun heats the Earth Sunbathers are often used as examples of
heating by radiation
Examples
Example 2
Example 3
Heat Transfer Formula
Q = CmΔTQ = heat gained or lost (J)m = mass in kgC = specific heat (see p.279)ΔT = temp change (K or °C)
Solving for a final temp when 2 objects are mixed or in contact
Tf = maCaTai + mbCbTbi
maCa + mbCb
Example Problem 1
How much heat is needed to raise the temperature 1.5 kg of water from 22°C to 35°C?
m = 1.5 kgΔT = 15°CC = ?? What is changing temperature? Use
the specific heat for whatever is changing temp
(see page 279)
Q = 4180 x 1.5 x 15Q = 94,050 J
Example Problem 2
A 5.0 kg sample of water at 25°C is mixed with 1.5 kg of water at 75°C. What is the final temperature of the mixture?
Use the Tf formula…
Tf = 5 x 4180 x 25 + 1.5 x 4180 x 755 x 4180 + 1.5 x 4180
Tf = 459800 + 47025020900 + 6270
Tf = 34°C
Work
Page 296 #’s 23 – 24 and 27-28
Phase Change Diagram