CHAPTER 13Reformation and Religious

Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Review Question

Henry VIII and the English Reformation

• The English reformation was initiated by Henry VIII

• Situation:• Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon

(Spanish Princess)• Henry and Catherine had a daughter together,

Mary, but Henry desperately wanted a son. • Due to personal vanity• Believed daughter would be unable to continue the

Tudor Dynasty during the fragile peace that existed following the Wars of the Roses

Henry VIII and the English Reformation• Henry was displeased with Catherine because he was obsessed with finding a male heir

• Meanwhile, one of Catherine’s ladies in waiting, Anne Boleyn caught the eye of the King

• Henry fell in love with her • But, Anne refused to be the King’s mistress.• Any children they had wouldn’t be a legitimate

heir because they weren’t married

• So, Henry wanted a divorce from Catherine

Video: Anne won’t be a mistress

Challenge Question #1• Why do you think Anne refused to be Henry’s mistress?

Henry VIII and the English Reformation• Henry asked Cardinal Wolsey (highest English

church official) to annul the marriage• Argued that Catherine had consummated her

previous marriage to Henry’s brother

• Normally it wouldn’t be a problem to get the Pope to annul it• But Rome had recently been sacked by Charles V

(King of Spain and H.R.E.) who was the nephew of Queen Catherine

• Wolsey couldn’t get the Pope to agree so he was fired

• Then Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, advised Henry to annul the marriage in England’s own courts• This abolished papal authority in England

Video: Catherine’s Trial

Sack of Rome, 1527

Thomas Cranmer

Challenge Question #2• Why couldn’t the Pope have annulled Henry and

Catherine’s marriage, even if he wanted to?

Henry VIII and the English Reformation

• Henry was in a hurry to get the marriage annulled because Anne became pregnant• Henry married Anne in secret and her heir

was became legitimate • Marriage of Henry to Catherine is declared

null and void• Anne is crowned queen• 3 months later, she gives birth to a GIRL

• Elizabeth

Henry VIII and the English Reformation

• Shortly thereafter, Henry completed his break with the Catholic Church• King is now head of the Church of England• Treason Act- death to anyone who denied Henry

the head of the church• Challenged by Thomas More, who was beheaded

• The New Church of England• Still very similar to Catholicism• Did away with monasteries

Video: Catherine’s Trial

Henry VIII and the English Reformation

• Henry tired of Anne Boleyn• Frustrated because he broke with the church to

marry her and she can’t produce a male heir• Fun Fact- It was actually Henry’s fault he couldn’t produce a

male heir. Only men carry the Y chromosome needed to determine male gender

• Henry also began to fancy one of Anne’s ladies in waiting, Jane Seymour

• So, Henry and Thomas Cranmer conspired to have Anne charged with adultery, incest, and treason

• Anne (and her brother) were tried and executed. • Henry then married Jane Seymour

Video: Execution of Anne

Henry VIII and His Wives• In total, Henry had 6 wives (History teachers video)

Challenge Question #3• Henry VIII had 6 wives. Why do you think Anne Boleyn is

the most famous?

England Under Edward• Edward (son of Jane Seymour) was only 9 when Henry

died. • In addition to being too young to rule, Edward was also

very sickly. • Thomas Cranmer ruled as his regent

• Moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction• Many felt these changes were too drastic

England Under Mary• Mary I, “Bloody Mary”

• Came to power after Edward died• Daughter of Catherine of Aragon (half

Spanish)• Married to Phillip II (future King of

Spain)• This marriage was strongly disliked in

England• Alliance with Spain was unpopular

• Tried to restore Catholicism to England• Burned more than 300 protestant

“heretics”

Execution of Thomas Cranmer

Mary I of England

Challenge Question #4• Before Queen Mary- Protestantism was weak and identified with religious

anarchy• After Mary’s rule- Protestantism was much more popular

• Question: Why do you think Protestantism’s popularity grew, despite the fact the Mary was a Catholic Queen?

• People identified Protestantism with resistance to Mary and Spanish influence

What’s happening outside of England?• France

• The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598)• Huguenots (French Calvinists)

vs.• The Ultra Catholics• Result of War: Catholicism acknowledged as the official religion of

France, but Huguenots were guaranteed the right to worship

• Spain• Philip II (1556 – 1598)

•Militant Catholicism• Felt it was Spain’s job to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant

heretics•Wanted to increase Spain’s power but failed

• Silver from the new world caused inflation and economic problems

Challenge Question #5

Classify the following countries in the appropriate sections of the chart below:

Holy Roman Empire (Germany), England, France, Spain

Very Catholic In the Middle Very Protestant