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Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 1
Chapter 13Artificial Intelligence and
Expert Systems
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 2
Learning Objectives• List the basic concepts of artificial intelligence
• Give examples of how artificial intelligence technologies have been used in business and other fields
• Explain expertise, the purpose of expert systems in business and other professional domains, and why expert systems are so helpful in solving unstructured problems
• Articulate the challenges involved in garnering knowledge for the construction of knowledge bases
• Explain the concept of knowledge engineering
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 3
Artificial Intelligencein Business
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 4
• Artificial Intelligence
– Attempt to emulate the human mind in machines
• Robotics
– Robots used to replace human laborers
• Artificial Vision
– Allows robots that move in space sense obstacles
– Used in machines for sorting and identification
Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 5
• Natural Language Processing
– Programs that recognize human commands
• Expert Systems
– Programs that simulate human expertise
• Neural Networks
– Programs built to solve problems while learning and refining their knowledge
Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 6
Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 7
• Fuzzy Logic
– Based on rules that have no discrete boundaries
– More closely mimics human problem solving
– Used in appliances, locomotives, managerial decision making
Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 8
Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 9
Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 10
• Genetic Algorithms
– Mathematical functions that use Darwinian principals to improve an application
• Intelligent Agents
– Automatically wade through massive amounts of data to select and deliver the most suitable information
Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
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Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 12
• Planning
• Decision making
• Monitoring
• Diagnosis
• Training
Contribution ofExpert Systems
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 13
Contribution ofExpert Systems (Cont.)
• Incidental learning
• Replication of expertise
• Timely response
• Consistent solutions
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 14
Development ofExpert Systems
• What is Expertise?
– Skill and knowledge whose input into a process results in performance high above the norm
• Components of Expert Systems
– The interface or dialog
– The knowledge base
– The interface engine
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 15
Development ofExpert Systems (Cont.)
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Construction of Expert Systems
• IF-THEN Rules
– Most popular method of knowledge representation
– Also called production rules
– Systems hold facts in the form of IF-THEN statements
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Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)
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• Knowledge Engineering
– Asking experts appropriate questions and translating into a knowledge base
– Some ESs take years
– Knowledge engineer: programmer who specializes in developing ESs
Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 19
• Expert System Shells
– Expert System that has been emptied of its knowledge
– Used to build new ES
• Forward Chaining
– Result-driven process
• Backward Chaining
– Goal-driven process
Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)
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Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.)
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 21
Factors Justifying the Acquisition of Expert Systems
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Expert Systems in Action
• Medical management
• Telephone network maintenance
• Credit evaluation
• Tax planning
• Detection of insider securities trading
• Detection of common metals
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 23
Expert Systems in Action (Cont.)
• Mineral exploration
• Irrigation and pest management
• Diagnosis and prediction of mechanical failure
• Class selection for students
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Limitations of Expert Systems
• Three limitations of ESs:
– Can handle only narrow domains
– Do not possess common sense
– Have a limited ability to learn
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 25
Ethical and Societal IssuesToo Sophisticated Technology
• Increasing dependence on machine intelligence raises legal and ethical issues.– Who is legally responsible for advice provided by a
program?
– Is expert judgment needed to interpret program output?
– Does machine expertise replace or complement the ‘real thing’?
– How do we know if the experts behind expert systems are expert at all?
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 26
Ethical and Societal IssuesToo Sophisticated Technology
• Malfunctions of an ES can be caused by anyone involved in the development
– Experts who contribute knowledge
– Knowledge engineer who builds the system
– Professional who uses the ES
– The person who is affected by the decision
Management Information Systems, 4th Edition 27
Summary• Artificial intelligence has some basic concepts
• Artificial intelligence is used in business and other fields
• Expert systems are helpful in solving unstructured problems
• Knowledge gathering is important for knowledge bases