Chapter 13 - Design Methodology-edit

8/9/2019 Chapter 13 - Design Methodology-edit

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PERINGATAN:PERINGATAN:

SALIN NOTA INI TERMASUK GAMBARAJAHSALIN NOTA INI TERMASUK GAMBARAJAH

((bolehboleh photostatphotostat daridari bukubuku teksteks))

GAMBAR FOTOGAMBAR FOTO TAK PERLUTAK PERLU CETAK /LUKISCETAK /LUKIS


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INTRODUCTION OF DESIGN

METHODOLOGY Design methodology encapsulates step orprocesses involved in producing a particular

product.

A good design methodology implementation must

be well planned, properly executed and normallyinvolved various activities.

Some processes need to be repeated to obtain the

best result.

Design methodology basically contains four levels:

i. Situation

ii. Problem solving

iii. Prototype

iv. Testing


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IMPLIMENTATION OF

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Failed

Situation

Brief

Study and

Research

Solution

Prototype or

Model

Testing,Evaluation

and Result

Documentation

Product

No

Selected

PassProcess flowchart and work

implementation of engineering

design methodology


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SITUATIONS FOR DESING Situation is a given condition within the human environmentthat pose a specific problem.

Design is intended to suggest plausible solution to a given

problem.

The needs vary according to local situation andrequirements:

Modification of product that cannot fulfill human

needs.

Design of new products to solve new problems.

Value adding to product to increase competition in

the market.


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SITUATION FOR DESIGN

SITUATIONS THAT CAUSE PROBLEMS BRIEF/ALTERNATIVE

SOLUTIONS

Teachers take a lot of time to record studentsattendance.

Problem: Waste of time

Use biometric thumb scannerUse smart card

During holiday, buses are not enough. Many

could not continue their journey and fail to reach

destination on time.

Problem: Transportation during holiday is not

sufficient

Add number of transports

Encourage car pool

Diversify types of vehicles

Mothers often forget where they keep the house

key.

Problem: Forget where the keys are located.

Devices that can produce alarm or

indicate the location of the key.

Use key holder

Wear as a pendant

Students are noisy when teacher is not around.

Problem: Noisy students.

Use camera that can be viewed from

principles room

Install alarm that detects noise in the

class

Heavy school bags are not suitable to students

age.

Problem: Physical burden carried by students.

Replace books with CDs

Bag with wheels/trolleys

Provide flexible time-tables

Detach text books according to

chapters

2

1

3

4

5


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DESIGN BRIEF Design brief is a summary that acts as primary reference on how

certain problematic situation needs to be resolved.

A brief is intended to provide early suggestions and state what is

required for problem solving. A brief contains:

i. Ideas/ explanation on how problems can generally be solved.

ii. Proposal on method or resolution.

iii. Technique on how the design should be created.

A brief should be changed if certain situation is not suitable or pose

complex problems. In getting ideas and solution to solve certain

problems, the following approaches can be followed:

i. Reading

ii. Direct observation

iii. Brainstorming session.

iv. Discussion with experts.


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STUDY AND RESEARCH

1. Specifying design criteria.

2. Specifying manufacturing technique

3. Specifying cost

4. Specifying special factor

5. Specifying safety feature

6. Market identification

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN


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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN1. Specifying design criteria.

DESCRIPTIONCollect product information

Type, price, usage, brand, manufacture, distributor and etc.

List out product function

List design function and identify whether it is able to meet customers

need.

Ensure ergonomic feature

Consider various shapes, colour, texture and suitability with customer.

Ensure the suggested shape is simple, easy to store and potable.

Ensure the suitability of its size and shape as well as its aesthetic value.

Specifying materials

Specifying whether the material used in the product is natural, artificial orsynthetic.

Ensure the material is suitable and easy to obtain.

Usage of recycle material is encouraged to save cost.


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DESCRIPTION

Specifying surface finishingEnsure the finishing is appropriate with material and design function.

Examples of finishing materials are paint, varnish, polish and grinded.

Specifying strength

Ensure strength material, or assembly of design is tested. Testing should be

made on if required.

RESERCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESERCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN1. Specifying design criteria.

DESCRIPTION

Shaping method

Ensure efficient design to be created and does not cause problem to the

end product.Joining method

Ensure the most suitable joining method either for permanent, temporary,

movable, movable or joints.

Assembly type

Ensure assembly type match its cost.

2. Specifying manufacturing technique


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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN

3. Specifying cost

DESCRIPTIONSpecifying the project cost according to budget and time to end the project.

DESCRIPTION

Specifying special factor according to customers request..

DESCRIPTION

Ensuring that the design can be used safely.

4. Specifying special factor

5. Specifying safety feature

DESCRIPTION

Specifying the project cost according to budget and time to end the project.

6. Market identification


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SOLUTION TO THE

RESEARCH CONDUCTED

(a) Collecting ideas based on brief situation and research(a) Collecting ideas based on brief situation and research(b) Selection of solution(b) Selection of solution

1.1. After the research purpose or aim has been identified,After the research purpose or aim has been identified,

designer could have more ideas on how problems candesigner could have more ideas on how problems can

be solved.be solved.

2.2. The ideas can be in the form of solution by inventing aThe ideas can be in the form of solution by inventing a

new product or modifying existing product.new product or modifying existing product.

The solution can be divided into two:The solution can be divided into two:


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i. At this stage, problem solving ideas will be stimulated.i. At this stage, problem solving ideas will be stimulated.

ii.ii. Designer must document his/her ideas either in the form ofDesigner must document his/her ideas either in the form ofwriting or painting. Ideas can be generated through:writing or painting. Ideas can be generated through:

Obliging situationObliging situation situation that is persuasive orsituation that is persuasive or

forceful.forceful.

CoincidenceCoincidence emerges by chance.emerges by chance.

Natural talent (creative)Natural talent (creative) the mind is always creative to comethe mind is always creative to come

up with new ideas.up with new ideas. EncouragementEncouragement through competition and exhibition.through competition and exhibition.

(a)(a) Collecting ideas based on brief situation andCollecting ideas based on brief situation and

researchresearch


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Questionnaire and interviewQuestionnaire and interview ask customer or expertask customer or expertfor information.for information.

Experience and brainstormingExperience and brainstorming learn from someonelearn from someone

elses lives or experiences.elses lives or experiences.

Direct observationDirect observation analysis and comparing availableanalysis and comparing available

products.products.

ReadingReading getting ideas through multiple resources.getting ideas through multiple resources.

Discussions and meetingsDiscussions and meetings with friends or experts towith friends or experts toget a wider and differentget a wider and different

views and perspectives.views and perspectives.


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The solution method at a brief stage.The solution method at a brief stage.

SolutionSolution

Selection IdeaSelection Idea

CollectionCollection

Natural talentNatural talent

EncouragementEncouragement

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

ExperienceExperience

ObservationObservation

DiscussionDiscussion

Obliging situationObliging situation

CoincidenceCoincidence

ReadingReading


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Solution

Suggestions

Able/ notable to

meetstudents

need

Ergonomic shape,

aesthentic

Easy

Withstand

travelling

Suitableassembly,

easilyshaped

Overall cost

Safety

Marketcompetitive

-ness

Special factor

Correct

figure

Design bus dailyschedule so that

student are awareof the travelling

time.

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Design a

centralised bus

station so thatstudent do not

have to waste

time moving from

one station toanother.

X X X X X X 3/9

Design alarmsystem that can

detect and tellstudents upon

bus arrivals.

X X X 6/9

Design pedestriansystem to replace

the bus. X X X X 5/9

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Solutions to the problem as presented at a brief level.Solutions to the problem as presented at a brief level.

11

22

33

44


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(b) Selection of solution(b) Selection of solution

After the solution has been selected, the following needsAfter the solution has been selected, the following needsto be completed:to be completed:

i.i. Sketch / draw the product in two or three dimensional.Sketch / draw the product in two or three dimensional.

ii.ii. Produce the blueprint (complete drawing withProduce the blueprint (complete drawing with

dimensions).dimensions).

iii.iii. Orthographic, oblique, isometric and assembly drawingsOrthographic, oblique, isometric and assembly drawings

are normally used.are normally used.

iv.iv. These drawings are used to illustrate how to assembleThese drawings are used to illustrate how to assemblethethe

product, to show the components dimensions and toproduct, to show the components dimensions and to

suggest the final finishing of the product.suggest the final finishing of the product.


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v.v. DocumentationDocumentation refers to the list of materials,refers to the list of materials,

components, devices required, cost estimation,components, devices required, cost estimation,

agreement, licensing and copyright.agreement, licensing and copyright.

vi.vi. Critic sessionCritic session this session must be conducted at allthis session must be conducted at all

stagesstages

so that the best decision could be made. This sessionso that the best decision could be made. This sessionnormally produces suggestions, critics, modification, andnormally produces suggestions, critics, modification, and

continuously helps to critics or improve on the safetycontinuously helps to critics or improve on the safety

feature.feature.


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Solution to research.Solution to research.

CriticCritic

sessionsession

Work involves in solutionWork involves in solution

searching process aftersearching process after

selection has been madeselection has been made

ProductProduct

sketchingsketching

AssemblyAssembly

methodmethod

Engineering/Engineering/

technicaltechnical

drawingdrawing

Material listMaterial list


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BlockBlock

ModelModel

Actual ModelActual Model

(prototype)(prototype)

ScaleScale

ModelModel

ComputerisedComputerised

ModelModel

MODEL TYPEMODEL TYPE

Design models.Design models.


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TESTINGTESTING Testing is an activity to ensure effectiveness, functions andTesting is an activity to ensure effectiveness, functions and

safety of the product.safety of the product.

There areThere are three typesthree types of testing to be conducted onof testing to be conducted on

actual model or computerised model.actual model or computerised model.

(a)(a)Lab testLab test

Test that is conducted in the lab with controlled parametersTest that is conducted in the lab with controlled parameters

such as lighting, temperature, wind, water, speed and othersuch as lighting, temperature, wind, water, speed and other

factors.factors.

(b) Parameter test(b) Parameter test

Test that is conducted in real setting (a place where theTest that is conducted in real setting (a place where the

product will be used). All parameters used are realproduct will be used). All parameters used are real

parameters.parameters.


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(c) Computer test(c) Computer test

This test is conducted using simulation.This test is conducted using simulation.

All parameters within this test can be easily controlled andAll parameters within this test can be easily controlled and

test results can be obtained quickly.test results can be obtained quickly.

In addition, actual object can also be tested using computerIn addition, actual object can also be tested using computer

to get data and analyse results.to get data and analyse results.

Examples of these softwares are CAMLINK and AutoCADExamples of these softwares are CAMLINK and AutoCAD

Mechanical. These softwares can also perform testing onMechanical. These softwares can also perform testing on

objects drawn in 2D.objects drawn in 2D.


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During testing, modification and improvement must be madeDuring testing, modification and improvement must be made

to the design if the following conditions occur:to the design if the following conditions occur:

Model does not meet the brief requirement or users needs. Model does not meet the brief requirement or users needs.

Not appealing and attractive in design. Not appealing and attractive in design.

Not functioning appropriately. Not functioning appropriately.

Untidy / assembly is not perfect. Untidy / assembly is not perfect.

Does not meet users needs and specification. Does not meet users needs and specification.

Wrong material used. Wrong material used.


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Documentation is the process of documenting theDocumentation is the process of documenting the

processes involved in producing the product from theprocesses involved in producing the product from the

start till complete.start till complete.

Documentation is done for the following purpose:Documentation is done for the following purpose:

As a written evidence in applying for a pattern As a written evidence in applying for a pattern

protection from certain bodies such as SIRIMprotection from certain bodies such as SIRIM

(Standard Industrial Research of Malaysia).(Standard Industrial Research of Malaysia).

As a reference for future research. As a reference for future research.

As a reference for creating manual booklets. As a reference for creating manual booklets.

As a reference for identifying specifications of As a reference for identifying specifications of

technical product.technical product.

DOCUMENTATION ANDDOCUMENTATION AND

PRODUCTPRODUCT


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THE ENDTHE END

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Chapter 13 - Design Methodology-edit

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