CHAPTER 13SECTION 1Exploration and Expansion

Objectives: Explain the Means and Motives of

expansion Analyze the Portuguese Trading Empire

Motives and Means Between 1500-1800 Europe began to

expand into the rest of the world. First Portugal and Spain, then later the Dutch

Republic, England, and France all rose to new economic power.

Europeans had long been attracted to Asia. In the 13th century, Marco Polo traveled with

his uncle to the Chinese court of Mongol ruler Kublai Khan and wrote his account, which was read by many, including Columbus.

In the 14th century the Ottoman Turks made it difficult to travel to Asia by land, people began looking for a sea route.

Motives: Economic- expanding trade and searching for

spices. Religious- converting people to Christianity Combined Spiritual and Secular affairs in 16th

century Wanted to convert to religion and gain power.

Portuguese Trading Empire

Portugal took the lead in 1420 under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator.

Began exploring southward along the western coast of Africa, the Gold Coast. They began looking for a route to India

around the southern tip of Africa. In 1488 Bartholomew Dias rounded the

tip of Africa, called the Cape of Good Hope.

Objectives: Describe the significance of the voyages

to the Americas Analyze the Portuguese Trading Empire Discuss the allocation of resources List the Spanish conquistadors Analyze the significance Line of

Demarcation Evaluate the economic impact and

competition in the Americas

Later, Vasco de Gama did the same then cut across the Indian Ocean to the coast of India.

May 1498- arrived in Calicut, returned with profit of several thousands in spices. Portuguese ships returned and destroyed

Muslim shipping to control the spice trade. Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque set up a

port at Goa, on the western coast of India.

Albuquerque sailed into Melaka on the Malay Peninsula.

From Melaka, the Portuguese launched expeditions to China and the Spice Islands.

Portuguese had control of the spice trade. The Portuguese signed a treaty with local

ruler for the purchase and export of cloves to the European market

Voyages of Columbus Spanish sought to reach the east by

sailing west. An important figure in Spanish

exploration was an Italian named Christopher Columbus. Columbus believed the circumference of the

earth was less than most people believed. In October of 1492, he explored the island

of Cuba and Hispaniola.

Columbus believed he had reached Asia. He sought to find a route through the

outer islands to the mainland of Asia. In his four voyages, Columbus reached

all of the islands of Caribbean and Honduras in Central America- all of which he called the Indies.

Christopher Columbus

Opposing View Points Page 410

A Line of Demarcation Spain and Portugal established a line of

demarcation. They feared that others might claim their

newly discovered territories Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494

Stated that the line would extend from North to South through the Atlantic and eastern part of America

Gave Portugal Africa, and Spain the Americas

Race to the Americas A Venetian sailor, John Cabot, explored

the New England coastline. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, went

along several voyages to South America with Portuguese captain Pedro Cabral. Vespucci referred to these lands as

America, but most of Europe called it the New World.

John Cabot

Amerigo Vespucci

The Spanish Empire Spanish conquerors of America were

known as conquistadors. Cortes overthrew Aztecs, Pizarro the Incas.

In 1535, the Spanish created a series of colonies in the Americas.

Queen Isabella declared Native Americans her subjects (then called Indians) and granted the Spanish ecomienda, the right to use them as laborers.

Native Americans faced a very harsh life under the Spanish. Disease, forced labor and starvation. Hispaniola had a population of

approximately 250,000 when Columbus arrived, it was reduced to 500 by 1538

Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million in 1519 to 1 million in 1630

Early years of the conquest featured a great deal of Catholic missionaries.

Economic Impact and Competition Wherever conquers went, they established

plantations and ranches. Sugar, cotton, livestock and other products were

introduced to the Americas for export to Europe. Agricultural products native to the Americas

were sent to Europe. The exchange of plants and animals between

the Old and New Worlds- known as the Columbian exchange, transformed economic activity.

Portuguese expansion in the East created its own economic impact. Challenged the Italian states and the chief

entry point of the eastern spice trade. Other European nations soon followed suit.

New Rivals Enter the Scene European rivals began to enter the scene. England began to trade with India,

Southeast Asia soon followed. The Dutch formed the West India

Company to compete with the Spanish and Portuguese. The Dutch colony of New Netherland

stretched from the mouth of the Hudson to Albany.

The French colonized what is now Canada and Louisiana.

After 1660 the English-French rivalry brought the fall of the Dutch commercial empire in the Americas.

By the 1700s the English had established a colonial empire along the eastern seaboard of North America and sugar plantations on several Caribbean islands.

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism Led by Portugal and Spain, European nations

in the 1500s and 1600s established many trading posts and colonies in the Americas and the East. A colony is a settlement of people living in a new

territory. Increase in international trade resulted in

mercantilism. Mercantilism was based on the idea that the

prosperity of the nation depended on bullion, of gold and silver.

To bring in gold and silver, nations to have a favorable balance of trade. The balance of trade is the difference in

value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.

To stimulate trade governments improved transportation, granted subsidies, and placed high tariffs on foreign goods.

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