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Chapter 13 – North and South1820-1860 Section 1
The North’s Economy
TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRYDeveloped in 3 phases
1-manufacturers made products by dividing the work up among workers
1 would spin thread, 1 would weave etc.
2-manufacturers built factories bringing specialized workers togetherProducts could be put together faster this way
-used machinery to do some of the work
3-Power driven looms (more products in less time)
Mass production -began in New England -Elias Howe invented sewing
machine in 1846 -by 1860 Northeast’s 74000
factories produces 2/3 of the countries
manufactured goods (a lot in one place)
Elias Howe’s Sewing Machine
IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION Construction crews built thousands of miles
of new roads and canals between 1800-1850. This allowed new shipping routes by
connecting rivers and lakes Railroads growth another way to transport
goods
Steamboats and Steamships Robert Fulton-1807 inventor of the
steamboat. Carried goods and people cheaply along inland waterways
Canal builders widened and deepened channel and canals, sparked development of cities like Cincinnati, Buffalo, Chicago
Steamboats
Steam also used as a power source for ships to travel across the ocean. “The Great Western” sailed from US to Britain in 1838 (took sails in case it broke down!)
Steam Powered Ocean Liner The “Great Western”
Clipper Ships - improved sailing ships sleek hulls, tall sails, 300 miles per day, they
“clipped” time from long journeys. Cut sailing times in almost half. Famous ships “Flying Cloud” Sea Witch, Cutty Sark, Champion of the Seas
Clipper Ships Flying Cloud Cutty Sark
Locomotives Early trains were drawn by horses instead of engines
(horsepower gets its name) The “Rocket” was first steam powered train 1829 in
England Peter Cooper designed and built first American
steam locomotive in 1830- “Tom Thumb” Raced a horse drawn train and lost due to
engine failure. Steam powered engines improved over the next 10
years
The Race!
Tracks - 1840/3000 of track 1860/31,000 of track mainly in north and Midwest.
Links New York City/Buffalo Philadelphia/Pittsburg Baltimore/Wheeling Virginia
Moving Goods and People past, Mississippi River only route to ship goods to
other countries or to east coast -then, east/west canals and RR allowed products like
grain, live stock, dairy to move directly from Midwest to east, Cheaper way to transport
-since cheaper to transport, could sell cheaper -populations grew in Midwest because of train
transportation (cause) Industries developed (effect)
FASTER COMMUNICATION Invention of Telegraph and Morse Code Samuel Morse-American Inventor Tried for 5 years to win support for his
invention $30000 from congress to build an
experimental line from capitol to Baltimore May 24,1844 he tapped out words “What hath
God Wrought” from the US capitol, moments later the message was tapped back
Telegraph Machine
Morse code – a series of dots and dashes representing letters and numbers
By 1860 more than 50,000 miles of telegraph line strung
Invention of the Printing Press 1846 steam cylinder printing press invented
by Richard Hoe. (Cause) Many newspapers began. (effect)
Richard Hoe Steam Cylinder Rotary Press
REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE Technology in Farming Areas west of Mississippi created challenges in
farming, prairie soil, matted soil, rocky soil, etc. 3 inventions 1- steel-tipped plow from John Deere in 1837
(wooden plows used before that) 2- mechanical reaper – sped up harvesting of
wheat-1834 Cyrus McCormick (used handheld reapers before that)
3- thresher – separated grain from the stalk
John Deere Steel-tipped Plow
Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper
Thresher
Cash Crops Midwest – wheat in large quantities Northeast and middle Atlantic – fruits and
vegetables (grew well in those soils) North turned more to industry.
Section 2 The North’s People
Northern Factories Early 1800’s mills established in Lowell,
Massachusetts Entire production process under one roof
“the factory system” Produced items like textiles, shoes, watches, sewing
machines, guns
Water run mill
Working Conditions System worsened as it developed
Owners wanted longer hours from workers to produce more goods
Average work day was 11.4 hoursO-T-J accidents increased
Machinery did not have safety, protective gear around it Losing fingers, broken bones, kids especially
Working Conditions cont’ Hot and stifling in summer
Air conditioning not invented, machines emitted a lot of heat
Cold in the winter No heat in the factories
Profits over worker comforts $$$ Jobs were few and far between
An unhappy worker was easily replaced No laws existed to protect workers
Working “the line”
Lowell Mills Built clean, simple lodging for employees
Tried to attract young, women workers to the factory
By 1840, practice ended Wages were so low, many forced to live in slums
near the factory
Lowell Girls
Attempts to Organize 1830’s workers began to “organize”
Wanted improved working conditions Skilled workers formed trade unions
Organizations of workers with some trade or skill Unskilled workers formed unions as well
Mid 1830’s skilled workers strike Refusing to work to put pressure on employees
Wanted higher wages 10 hour work days Formed the General Trades Union of New York
The Right to Strike Early 1800’s striking was illegal
Punishable by the law or loss of job 1842 Massachusetts court ruled workers had the
right to strike
African American Workers Slavery disappeared from the North by 1820 Didn’t mean everything was “pie in the sky”
Faced Racial prejudice & Discrimination An unfair opinion on based on facts Unfair treatment of a group
1821 white, non-landowning males could vote African American males could not African Americans could not attend public school Barred from public facilities Forced into separate, segregated schools and hospitals Had to take the lowest paying jobs
Success Storiesfor African Americans Successful Businessmen
Henry Boyd – Owned a furniture Co. in Cincinnati
John B. Russworm-founded Freedom’s Journal 1st African American newspaper
Macon B. Allen – 1st lawyer Most African Americans were extremely poor
Better off than been enslaved in the South Suffered cruel and lasting effects of discrimination
Women Workers Played a major role in development of mill and
factory system Were discriminated against
Paid less then men When unions were formed, women were excluded
Men wanted women out of the workplace to provide more jobs for men
Females attempted to organize in 1830’s & 40’s Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization
founded by Sarah G. Bagleywanted 10 hour dayslegislature ignored because
petition signed by women Paved the way for future women’s movements
The Rise of Cities People flocked to cities were factories were located 1840, 14% of North’s population lived in cities 1860, 26% of North’s population lived in cities Population of cities in 1860
New York City – 1,000,000 Philadelphia- 500,000
Lots of people, Lots of problems Low paying jobs = unaffordable
housing=living in crowded, run-down buildings with no plumbing or heat=unsanitary living conditions=spread of disease and sickness, and=increase in fires because of closely spaced wooden buildings.
ImmigrationMovement of people into a country Do you know where you came from?
Immigration Cont’ Immigration increased between 1840-60
Welcomed by manufacturers Work long hours for little pay
Irish Immigrants Largest group to USA; 1.5 million Settled mostly in Northeast Migrated because of potato famine
An extreme shortage of food Potatoes are eaten at each meal Potato blight (disease) destroyed crop in 1840’s Starvation ensued, more than 1 Million died
Unable to buy land or farm Worked in factories for low pay Performed manual labor Women became servants and factory workers By 1850, 1/3 of all workers in Boston were Irish
Immigration Cont’ German Immigrants
2nd largest group Left Germany because of breakdown in democracy and
for work and future opportunity 1848-1860 1 million, mostly men Had $ to buy farms or start businesses
Prospered, founding their own communities (Germantowns) etc.
Settled in New York, Pennsylvania, Midwest, western territories
Impact of Immigration Immigrants changed the character of the
country Brought their language Customs Religions Unique ways Filters into American way of life
Religion Beginning of Immigration
Mainly only Protestants from Great Britain Most Catholics lived near Baltimore, New
Orleans, St. Augustine Most of the Irish and ½ of the Germans were Catholic Church was source of spiritual guidance, center of
community Germans bring language and religion; use in their
communities; establish German publications and musical societies
Prejudice for Immigrants “native” Americans feared the change in
character People opposed to immigration: nativists
Thought immigrants threatened the future of the native (?) huh
Accused immigrants of taking jobs from “real” Americans
Accused of bringing disease and crime to America because many lived in slum areas
A new political party The Know Nothing Party
Formed by Nativists Secret, anti Catholic society Answered questions about their society by saying “I know
nothing” Urged Americans to fight the alien menace Wanted stricter citizenship laws
Extending the waiting period from 5 years to 14 years Foreign born citizens could not hold office Supported Millard Fillmore for President although he lost to
James Buchanan Mid 1850’s split into two branches- North and South over
slavery issue