Chapter 14 key terms and questions

DG & TH

Mamluks: slave dynasty of Egypt

Golden Horde: a group of Mongol armies names after the golden tent of the early khans of the western sector of the Mongol Empire

Alexander Nevskii/Nevsky: Russian prince who submitted temporarily to Mongol demands to save the cathedral of Saint Sophia

Genghis/Chinggis Khan: 1170-1227• Grandson to Kabul

Khan• Names head

khangan of Mongols in 1206

• Founded the tumens• Formal code of

warriors• Conquered from

china to Caspian sea

Karakorum: capital of Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan

White Lotus Society: a secret religious sect dedicated to overthrowing the Yuan Dynasty

shamanistic religion: (focused on nature spirits) beliefs in ancestors

Timur: (Timur-I Lang) also known as Tamerlane; leader of the Turkic nomad; beginning in the 1360s; launched serious of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India & southern Russia; empire fell after death in 1405

Khanates: four great territories of the Golden Horde into which the Mongol Empire was divided at the time of Chinggis Khan’s death

Ming Dynasty: dynasty after the Yuan that ruled China for most of the next 3 centuries

Yuan: • New social structure est. in

China• Chinese lead bureaucracy• Women refused to adopt

practice of foot binding & still had rights to property and control w/in household

• Marco Polo travels to China during this time

Describe the nature of the military organization

established by Chinggis Khan

The nature of the military organization established by Chinggis Khan was strict and

orderly. The Mongol army was a terror to other empires. With a variety of weapons,

their most feared being the short bow. Sealed in by a formal code, warriors were loyal to their leaders and to the head leader. They

could be deadly too; if the city that was being conquered did not surrender to them quickly they would raid the town, destroy everything then slaughter or sell the townspeople into

slavery.

Describe the positive aspects of the Mongol

conquests One of the positive aspects of the Mongol conquests was that brought peace to much of Asia. In smaller towns, artisans, who produced handcrafted produce and scholars flourished. Chinggis wanted a culturally diverse empire, therefore allowing religious freedom

and freedom of expression. Secure trade routes were established which lead to wealthy cities.

2009 AP essay: Analyze continuities & changes in patterns of interaction along the Silk Roads from 200BCE to

1450CEContinuities

Products (Europe’s gold & silver)

Religion, art & knowledge (continually diffused throughout history of SR ( C,B & I))

Location (no new routes)

Changes

Leaders (from Chinese rule to Mongol rule)

Products (China’s horses to silk, jade & other luxury goods)

Importance (declined due to merchants fear & rose during Mongol rule)

Routes (less protected during era’s of unimportance)

Status of Women (rose)

2005 AP essay: Compare & contrast the political & economic effects of Mongol rule

on the following regions China, Middle East, & Russia

China Political

Use of foreigners for bureaucrats (Marco Polo)

No use of scholar gentry

Economic

Increase in trade

Elevated status of merchants

Extra taxes

Middle East Political

Local lords administered taxes and took census

Diplomatic contacts

Economic

Destruction of Baghdad

Rise in trade

Mongols took taxes and tribute

Russia Political

Independent government (learned how to centralize away from Mongols)

Rise of Moscow decline of Kiev

Economic

Increased trade

Plague

High taxes on peasants