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Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

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Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology. Business Data Communications, 4e. PC Networks. Client/Server Communication Shared databases Shared hardware resources Shared Internet access Peer-to-Peer Communication Sharing work and information with colleagues Low cost is high priority - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology Business Data Communications, 4e
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Page 1: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Chapter 14:Local Area Network Technology

Business Data Communications, 4e

Page 2: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

PC Networks Client/Server Communication

Shared databases Shared hardware resources Shared Internet access

Peer-to-Peer Communication Sharing work and information with colleagues

Low cost is high priority Attachment costs in the hundreds of dollars

Page 3: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Backend & Storage Area Networks

“Computer room networks” Interconnect large systems (mainframes,

supercomputers, etc) Key requirement is high-speed bulk transfer Usually limited distance, few drops Speed more important than cost

Attachment costs in the thousands of dollars

Page 4: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

High-Speed Office Networks Increased processing and transfer requirements in

many graphics-intensive applications now require significantly higher transfer rates

Decreased cost of storage space leads to program and file bloat, increased need for transfer capacity

Typical office LAN runs at 1-20mbps, high-speed alternatives run at 100+

Page 5: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Backbone Local Networks Used instead of single-LAN strategy Better reliability Higher capacity Lower cost

Page 6: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Factory Networks High capacity Ability to handle a variety of data traffic Large geographic extent High reliability Ability to specify and control transmission

delays

Page 7: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Tiered LANs Cost of attachment to a LAN tends to increase with data

rate Alternative to connecting all devices is to have multiple

tiers Multiple advantages

Higher reliability Greater capacity (less saturation) Better distribution of costs based on need

Page 8: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Tiered LAN Strategies Bottom-up strategy: individual departments

create LANs independently, eventually a backbone brings them together

Top-down strategy: management develops an organization-wide networking plan

Page 9: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Tiered LAN Diagram

Page 10: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

LAN Topology Arrangement of workstations in a shared

medium environment Logical arrangement (data flow) Physical arrangement (cabling scheme)

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LAN Topologies: Bus Multipoint medium Stations attach to linear medium (bus) using tap Full-duplex between station and tap Transmission from any stations travels entire

medium (both directions) Termination required at ends of bus

Page 12: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Bus LAN Diagram

Page 13: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

LAN Topologies: Tree Generalization of bus topology Branching cable with no closed loops Cable(s) begin at headend, travel to branches

which may have branches of their own Each transmission propagates through

network, can be received by any station

Page 14: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Tree LAN Diagram

Page 15: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Bus/Tree Topology Problems How do you identify who the transmission is

intended for? Data transmitted in frames Each frame has header with addressing info

How do you regulate access? Stations take turns sending, by monitoring control

information in frames

Page 16: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

LAN Topologies: Ring Repeaters are joined by unidirectional point-to-

point links in a ring As a frame circulates past a receiver, the receiver

checks its address, and copies those intended for it into a local buffer

Frame circulates until it returns to source, which removes it from network

Page 17: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Ring LAN Diagram

Page 18: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

LAN Topologies: Star Each station connected directly to central

node, usually with two undirectional links Central node can broadcast info, or can

switch frames among stations

Page 19: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Star LAN Diagram

Page 20: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Choosing a Topology Factors to consider include reliability,

flexibility/expandability, and performance Bus/tree is most flexible Tree topology easy to lay out Ring provides high througput, but reliability problems Star can be high speed for short distances, but has

limited expandability

Page 21: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Transmission Media Options Twisted pair--digital signaling Optical fiber--analog signaling Baseband coax--digital signaling Broadband coax--analog signaling

Uses FDM to carry multiple channels Can be used over longer distances Inherently unidirectional, due to amplifier limitations

Page 22: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Selecting Transmission Media Capacity: Can it support expected network traffic? Reliability: Can it meet requirements for

availability? Types of data supported: Is it well-suited to the

applications involved? Environmental scope: Can it provide service in the

environments required?

Page 23: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Medium and Topology

Page 24: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Structured Cabling System Standards for cabling within a building (EIA/TIA-568 and ISO

11801) Includes cabling for all applications, including LANs, voice,

video, etc Vendor and equipment independent Designed to encompass entire building, so that equipment can be

easily relocated Provides guidance for pre-installation in new buildings and

renovations

Page 25: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Wiring Layouts Wiring layout is different from logical topology Linear layout minimizes amount of cable Star layout uses individual cable from concentration

point to subscribers Can be used for bus and ring as well as star Concentration point can be wiring closet or hub (an active

node that accepts frames and regenerates signals for transmission)

Page 26: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

LAN Standards (802.x) Advantages of standards Assure sufficient volume to keep costs down Enable equipment from various sources to interconnect

IEEE 802 committee developed, revises, and extends standards

Use a three-layer protocol hierarchy: physical, medium access control (MAC), and logical link control (LLC)

Page 27: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Logical Link Control Specifies method of addressing and controls exchange of data

Independent of topology, medium, and medium access control

Unacknowledged connectionless service (higher layers handle error/flow control, or simple apps)

Connection-mode service (devices without higher-level software)

Acknowledged connectionless service (no prior connection necessary)

Page 28: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Medium Access Control Provides a means of

controlling access to a shared medium

Two techniques in wide use CSMA/CD Token passing

LLC frames data, passes it to MAC which frames it again MAC control

(e.g. priority level) Destination physical

address Source physical address

Page 29: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Bridges Allow connections between LANs and to WANs Operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of OSI Used between networks using identical

physical and link layer protocols Provide a number of advantages

Reliability: Creates self-contained units Performance: Less contention Security: Not all data broadcast to all users Geography: Allows long-distance links

Page 30: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Bridge Functions Read all frames from each network Accept frames from sender on one network that

are addressed to a receiver on the other network Retransmit frames from sender using MAC

protocol for receiver Must have some routing information stored in

order to know which frames to pass

Page 31: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Bridge Operation

Page 32: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Hubs The active central element of the star layout. When a single station transmits, the hub repeats

the signal on the outgoing line to each station. Physically a star; logically a bus. Hubs can be cascaded in a hierarchical

configuration.

Page 33: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Two-Level Star Topology

Page 34: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Layer 2 Switches(Switching Hubs)

Page 35: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Ethernet Hubs and Switches Shared

medium hubs

Switched LAN hubs

x

Page 36: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Advantages of Switched Hubs No modifications needed to workstations

when replacing shared-medium hub Each device has a dedicated capacity

equivalent to entire LAN Easy to attach additional devices to the

network

Page 37: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Types of Switched Hubs Store and forward switch

Accepts a frame on input line Buffers it briefly Routes it to appropriate output line

Cut-through switch Begins repeating the frame as soon as it recognizes the

destination MAC address Higher throughput, increased chance of error

Page 38: Chapter 14: Local Area Network Technology

Layer 3 Switches Problems With Layer 2 Switches

Broadcast overload Lack of multiple links Can be solved with subnetworks connected by

routers Layer 3 switches implement the packet-

forwarding logic of the router in hardware.


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