Chapter 14:Local Area Network Technology
Business Data Communications, 4e
PC Networks Client/Server Communication
Shared databases Shared hardware resources Shared Internet access
Peer-to-Peer Communication Sharing work and information with colleagues
Low cost is high priority Attachment costs in the hundreds of dollars
Backend & Storage Area Networks
“Computer room networks” Interconnect large systems (mainframes,
supercomputers, etc) Key requirement is high-speed bulk transfer Usually limited distance, few drops Speed more important than cost
Attachment costs in the thousands of dollars
High-Speed Office Networks Increased processing and transfer requirements in
many graphics-intensive applications now require significantly higher transfer rates
Decreased cost of storage space leads to program and file bloat, increased need for transfer capacity
Typical office LAN runs at 1-20mbps, high-speed alternatives run at 100+
Backbone Local Networks Used instead of single-LAN strategy Better reliability Higher capacity Lower cost
Factory Networks High capacity Ability to handle a variety of data traffic Large geographic extent High reliability Ability to specify and control transmission
delays
Tiered LANs Cost of attachment to a LAN tends to increase with data
rate Alternative to connecting all devices is to have multiple
tiers Multiple advantages
Higher reliability Greater capacity (less saturation) Better distribution of costs based on need
Tiered LAN Strategies Bottom-up strategy: individual departments
create LANs independently, eventually a backbone brings them together
Top-down strategy: management develops an organization-wide networking plan
Tiered LAN Diagram
LAN Topology Arrangement of workstations in a shared
medium environment Logical arrangement (data flow) Physical arrangement (cabling scheme)
LAN Topologies: Bus Multipoint medium Stations attach to linear medium (bus) using tap Full-duplex between station and tap Transmission from any stations travels entire
medium (both directions) Termination required at ends of bus
Bus LAN Diagram
LAN Topologies: Tree Generalization of bus topology Branching cable with no closed loops Cable(s) begin at headend, travel to branches
which may have branches of their own Each transmission propagates through
network, can be received by any station
Tree LAN Diagram
Bus/Tree Topology Problems How do you identify who the transmission is
intended for? Data transmitted in frames Each frame has header with addressing info
How do you regulate access? Stations take turns sending, by monitoring control
information in frames
LAN Topologies: Ring Repeaters are joined by unidirectional point-to-
point links in a ring As a frame circulates past a receiver, the receiver
checks its address, and copies those intended for it into a local buffer
Frame circulates until it returns to source, which removes it from network
Ring LAN Diagram
LAN Topologies: Star Each station connected directly to central
node, usually with two undirectional links Central node can broadcast info, or can
switch frames among stations
Star LAN Diagram
Choosing a Topology Factors to consider include reliability,
flexibility/expandability, and performance Bus/tree is most flexible Tree topology easy to lay out Ring provides high througput, but reliability problems Star can be high speed for short distances, but has
limited expandability
Transmission Media Options Twisted pair--digital signaling Optical fiber--analog signaling Baseband coax--digital signaling Broadband coax--analog signaling
Uses FDM to carry multiple channels Can be used over longer distances Inherently unidirectional, due to amplifier limitations
Selecting Transmission Media Capacity: Can it support expected network traffic? Reliability: Can it meet requirements for
availability? Types of data supported: Is it well-suited to the
applications involved? Environmental scope: Can it provide service in the
environments required?
Medium and Topology
Structured Cabling System Standards for cabling within a building (EIA/TIA-568 and ISO
11801) Includes cabling for all applications, including LANs, voice,
video, etc Vendor and equipment independent Designed to encompass entire building, so that equipment can be
easily relocated Provides guidance for pre-installation in new buildings and
renovations
Wiring Layouts Wiring layout is different from logical topology Linear layout minimizes amount of cable Star layout uses individual cable from concentration
point to subscribers Can be used for bus and ring as well as star Concentration point can be wiring closet or hub (an active
node that accepts frames and regenerates signals for transmission)
LAN Standards (802.x) Advantages of standards Assure sufficient volume to keep costs down Enable equipment from various sources to interconnect
IEEE 802 committee developed, revises, and extends standards
Use a three-layer protocol hierarchy: physical, medium access control (MAC), and logical link control (LLC)
Logical Link Control Specifies method of addressing and controls exchange of data
Independent of topology, medium, and medium access control
Unacknowledged connectionless service (higher layers handle error/flow control, or simple apps)
Connection-mode service (devices without higher-level software)
Acknowledged connectionless service (no prior connection necessary)
Medium Access Control Provides a means of
controlling access to a shared medium
Two techniques in wide use CSMA/CD Token passing
LLC frames data, passes it to MAC which frames it again MAC control
(e.g. priority level) Destination physical
address Source physical address
Bridges Allow connections between LANs and to WANs Operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of OSI Used between networks using identical
physical and link layer protocols Provide a number of advantages
Reliability: Creates self-contained units Performance: Less contention Security: Not all data broadcast to all users Geography: Allows long-distance links
Bridge Functions Read all frames from each network Accept frames from sender on one network that
are addressed to a receiver on the other network Retransmit frames from sender using MAC
protocol for receiver Must have some routing information stored in
order to know which frames to pass
Bridge Operation
Hubs The active central element of the star layout. When a single station transmits, the hub repeats
the signal on the outgoing line to each station. Physically a star; logically a bus. Hubs can be cascaded in a hierarchical
configuration.
Two-Level Star Topology
Layer 2 Switches(Switching Hubs)
Ethernet Hubs and Switches Shared
medium hubs
Switched LAN hubs
x
Advantages of Switched Hubs No modifications needed to workstations
when replacing shared-medium hub Each device has a dedicated capacity
equivalent to entire LAN Easy to attach additional devices to the
network
Types of Switched Hubs Store and forward switch
Accepts a frame on input line Buffers it briefly Routes it to appropriate output line
Cut-through switch Begins repeating the frame as soon as it recognizes the
destination MAC address Higher throughput, increased chance of error
Layer 3 Switches Problems With Layer 2 Switches
Broadcast overload Lack of multiple links Can be solved with subnetworks connected by
routers Layer 3 switches implement the packet-
forwarding logic of the router in hardware.