Chapter 14: The Civil War

The Secession Crisis

QUIZ 338-346 1. The seizure of Fort __________ began the

Civil War.

2. This city was the site of violent draft riots.

3. The _________ _________ declared all slaves in confederate territory free.

4. The _________ Amendment officially freed the slaves

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2

Withdrawal of the South

3

• 7 states had withdrawn by the time Lincoln took office

• Confederacy Established

• Failure of Compromise• Crittenden Compromise

• Extend the Mo. Comp. line

• Fort Sumter• Lincoln’s predicament• South begins war• Four more states break away

• Lincoln: Fed. Govt. would “hold, occupy, and posses” Federal property

Fort Sumter

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Fort Sumter, SC (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT ABOLITION. WHY?

Lincoln cannot lose control of Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States.

“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html

Balance of PowerSOUTH Defensive Strategy Better officers Military Culture Limited

transportation Limited

manufacturing Limited population

(slave revolution?)

NORTH Offensive Strategy Incompetent/Hesitant

Officers Urban culture Extensive ports&

transportation system Extensive Manufacturing Immigration/Population

booming

HOW TO WIN A WAR Means x Will = Resistance

What does this mean?

Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

The Mobilization of the North

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• Economic Nationalism• Homestead and Morrill Acts• Transcontinental Railroad

• National Bank Acts• State banks could issue U.S. Treasury

• Financing the War• Greenbacks• Loans from the people• Loans from foreign countries

“Greenbacks” Backed By…

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Raising the Union Armies

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• Volunteer militias• Called for 3 years of service instead of 3

months

• Conscription laws• What is Conscription?• How do you avoid it?

• Bounties• New York City

Draft Riots• Over 100 dead!

DRAFT RIOTS:NYC draft riots in July 1863. 11 African Americans lynched. 100 killed.

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Wartime Leadership and Politics

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Bold Use of Presidential Powers

“It would be foolish to lose the whole by being afraid to disregard a part” – Lincoln What does this mean? Suspended Habeas Corpus Sent troops into battle w/o Congress Declared a Southern blockade

“Copperheads” “Peace Democrats”

George B. McClellan and election of 1864.

VIDEO: Northern Internal Dissent

Copperhead Propaganda

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The War comes to “Mobtown”

Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time

Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs and riots

Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks, Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans…

The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the election year of 1855.

Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or Douglas.

Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the way to his inauguration due to rumors of an assassination plot.

Trouble Brews… Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s

handling of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12th).

Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for 90 Day volunteer enlistment.

Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by mobs in Baltimore.

Many soldiers are hurt.

The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing and stabbing him with knives

Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the city.

http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

“Another Lexington” or another “Boston Massacre”?

6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in Baltimore April 19th.

An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both sides of fighting are wounded.

21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured. Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on

the ground – dies of his wounds. Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by

the mob.

Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.

Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC

THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.

“The outbreak of April 19th was not the return of mob law as Northern papers say. The Unionists are roughs. It resulted from the irrepressible indignation of the people at seeing armed men pass over our soil to subjugate our brethren of the South.”- McHenry Howard (Baltimore secessionist)

http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01317.jpg

AFTER EFFECTS On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and Police

Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed.

Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records.

Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.

September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen arrested.

Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years, without trial.

Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify Federal Hill.

Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department

“After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.”

http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32

http://baltimore.about.com/od/neighborhoodstowns/ss/fellspoint_3.htm

Maryland, My Maryland

IThe despot's heel is on thy shore,

Maryland!His torch is at thy temple door,

Maryland!Avenge the patriotic goreThat flecked the streets of Baltimore,And be the battle queen of yore,

Maryland! My Maryland!

VIDear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain,

Maryland!Virginia should not call in vain,

Maryland!She meets her sisters on the plain-"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrainThat baffles minions back again,

Maryland!Arise in majesty again,

Maryland! My Maryland!

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Politics of Emancipation

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Split between the “radical” Republicans and “conservative” Republicans

Why?

Confiscation Act All slaves used to support the confederacy would be

considered “free” As the war continued, many Republicans began to view

emancipation as the central theme of the war Why?

The Emancipation Proclamation The Thirteenth Amendment,1865

What did these two say?

Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863

CAUSES: Lincoln does NOT believe govt. can abolish

slavery

HOWEVER, Union army can seize “contraband”to hurt South’s war effort

Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion, NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!! Why??

Did the Emancipation Proclamation “ennoble” the cause of the North? Lincoln?

African Americans, Women and Nursing

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• Growing Black Enlistment• Many more African Americans enlisted after the E.

Proclamation• Low Status of Black Soldiers

• Menial jobs, lower pay, increased danger if caught

• Women’s roles• Women began to serve as Nurses• Pushed for suffrage and abolition African-American Troops

(Library of Congress)

Mobilization of the South

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Confederate Government– Similar Constitution

– What did they primarily focus on?

Jefferson Davis Not very efficient, poor

leader

Jefferson Davis (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Why did the “States’ Rights” Argument make it difficult in terms of fighting the war?

Money and Manpower

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Disastrous Inflation States did not want to tax their citizens Printed Paper money

9,000% inflation!

Conscription Act

Critical Manpower Shortage Out of desperation the Confederacy even

drafted 300,000 slaves, but lost the war before they could be used.

Economic and Social Effects of the War

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Southern Economic Woes Blockade cut off trade partners Lost non-slave male workers Industry declined War ravaged the land

New Roles for Women Many women were widowed, looked for

work

Strategy and Diplomacy

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The Commanders– Lincoln’s strengths. What were they?

– U. S. Grant– Shared Lincoln’s strategic

perspective

– Davis’s Ineffective Command– No central command– Wouldn’t share responsibilities

– Robert E. Lee– Regarded as one of the best

generals in American military history

– Lincoln went through many generals, most notably George McClellan before finally landing on Ulysses S. Grant

Role of Sea Power

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Union Naval Superiority– Advantages:

– 1. enforce a blockade– 2. assist Union armies in

field operations

– Anaconda Plan

– Monitor v. Merrimac– Ironclads– Preserves the Union

blockadeUSS Monitor (Library of Congress)

ANACONDA PLAN

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Europe and the Disunited States

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Tactics of Each– 1.Who did France and England

initially support?– 2.What changed their minds?– 3.Why was the Confederacy not as

powerful as they thought they would be?

– Tension with Britain– Britain and France remained

neutral The Trent Affair

What happened? How else did the British help

the Union?

Technology of War

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Staggering Casualties 618,000 dead

Deadlier Weaponry How did war begin to

change because of this? Artillery, repeating rifles, etc.

Military Importance of Railroads

Why were they so important?

Dead Union Soldiers at Antietam, 1862 (Library of Congress)

Bull Run (1st Manassas) & 90 Day War

Optimism runs high, on both sides……

Lincoln calls up militia for 90 days

Union outnumbers South….but…. Why does the South

win? HINT: Stonewall

Jackson

Humiliating retreat to DC…..

EFFECTS:

1.South overconfident invades MD and PA

2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation.

3.Lincoln replaces McDowell and appoints…….

George McClellan commander.

Map: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.

EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN

McClellan removed from command Hardens North’s resolve Move toward total war Embrace Anaconda Plan and

Emancipation as strategies (vs. moral decisions)

Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers, spreading war to the west and deep south

War in the West

Ulysses S. Grant surprises all, seizing control of western rivers with gunboats, securing Tennessee and Kentucky

Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West, brings Grant national attention

Admiral David G. Farragut captures New Orleans for North, moves up Mississippi.

Anaconda Plan is beginning to work!

Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862

The War in the East, 1861-1862Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam.

Antietam, September 17, 1862

McClellan returned to command Lee swings north and crosses the

Potomac Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his

division of forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours!

It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000(2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day)

Is it McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended war?

AntietamIn the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress)

Antietam

Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burialThis photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress)

Gettysburg: Prelude

Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellan as Union commander after Antietam, is destroyed at Fredericksburg, losing 10,000.

Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at Chancellorsville, replaced by Gen. Meade (for Union).

South loses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his own men.