Chapter - 14(HUMAN DEVELOPMENT)

8/7/2019 Chapter - 14(HUMAN DEVELOPMENT)

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Human DevelopmentHuman Development

Chapter 13 Human Development1

Chapter 14Chapter 14


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Concept of HumanConcept of HumanDevelopmentDevelopment

Chapter 13 Human Development2

It is however certain that HD is much more than mere povertyIt is however certain that HD is much more than mere povertyeradication. It requires a situation where people can freelyeradication. It requires a situation where people can freelyidentify and select their choices.identify and select their choices.

The objective of Human development is to create an enablingThe objective of Human development is to create an enablingenvironment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.

The basic purpose of development isThe basic purpose of development is to enlarge peoples choicesto enlarge peoples choices

The development of human resources contributes to sustainedThe development of human resources contributes to sustainedgrowth and productive employment. A healthy, educated andgrowth and productive employment. A healthy, educated and

skilled workforce can contribute more significantly andskilled workforce can contribute more significantly andeffectively to economic development.effectively to economic development.


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Meaning and Importance ofMeaning and Importance of

Human ResourceHuman Resource

Chapter 13 Inflation3

Human resource implies the abilities, skills and technical knowHuman resource implies the abilities, skills and technical knowhow of population of country.how of population of country.

Since its launch in 1990, the Human Development ReportSince its launch in 1990, the Human Development Reportpublished by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

has defined human development as the process of enlarginghas defined human development as the process of enlargingpeople's choices.people's choices.

Human development is a means to higher productivity. A wellHuman development is a means to higher productivity. A well--nourished, healthy, educated, skilled, alert labour force is thenourished, healthy, educated, skilled, alert labour force is themost important productive asset.most important productive asset.

Reduced poverty contributes to a healthy civil society, increasedReduced poverty contributes to a healthy civil society, increaseddemocracy and greater social stability.democracy and greater social stability.

Human development can help in reducing civil disturbances in aHuman development can help in reducing civil disturbances in asociety and in increas-ing political stability.society and in increas-ing political stability.


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Essential components in theEssential components in thehuman Develop-menthuman Develop-ment


EquityEquity

SustainabilitySustainability

ProductivityProductivity

EmpowermentEmpowerment


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How to attend humanHow to attend humandevelopment(HD)development(HD)


Provide equal opportunities irrespective of gender,Provide equal opportunities irrespective of gender,

race, creed or caste to every one to empower oneselfrace, creed or caste to every one to empower oneself

and opt for choices according to ones own preferencesand opt for choices according to ones own preferences

HD is possible with the shift from marketHD is possible with the shift from market--orientedoriented

growth to social oriented growth.growth to social oriented growth.

good management and good governance on the part ofgood management and good governance on the part of

the state. Accountability, transparency and equalitythe state. Accountability, transparency and equality

before the law are the important parameters of goodbefore the law are the important parameters of good

governance.governance. High political stabilityHigh political stability


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Indias global position on human and gender developmentIndias global position on human and gender development


Source:UNDP Human Development Reports 2002 and 2007


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Major Initiatives in Social SectorMajor Initiatives in Social Sector


under the National Common Minimumunder the National Common MinimumProgramme (NCMP), the Central GovernmentProgramme (NCMP), the Central Governmenthas launchednew initiatives for social sectorhas launchednew initiatives for social sectordevelopmentduring 2007developmentduring 2007--0808..

The share of Central Government expenditureThe share of Central Government expenditureon social services, including rural developmenton social services, including rural development

in total expenditure (plan andnonin total expenditure (plan andnon--plan), hasplan), hasincreased from 11 per centin2001increased from 11 per centin2001--02 to 16.402 to 16.4per centin2007per centin2007--08 (BE)08 (BE)


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Central Government expenditure (Plan and nonCentral Government expenditure (Plan and nonplan) on social servicesplan) on social servicesand rural Developmentand rural Development



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GovernmentGovernment

(Centre and State Governments combined)(Centre and State Governments combined)


ItemItem 20022002--0303

ActualActual

20032003--0404

ActualActual

20042004--0505

ActualActual

20052005--

0606

ActualActual

20062006--0707

BEBE

20072007--

0808

BEBE

Centre & States (Rs.Centre & States (Rs.

Crore)Crore)

Total ExpenditureTotal Expenditure

Expenditure on SocialExpenditure on Social

SectorSector

EducationEducation

HealthHealthOthersOthers

595203595203

141740141740

71.29871.298

30.18430.184

40.25840.258

786212786212

153454153454

75.60775.607

33.50433.504

44.34344.343

859545859545

172812172812

84.11184.111

37.53537.535

51.16651.166

959855959855

203995203995

96.36596.365

45.42845.428

62.20262.202

11488241148824

256521256521

119199119199

56.37856.378

80.94480.944

130989130989

77

294412294412

133284133284

65.15865.158

95.97095.970

As percentage of GDPAs percentage of GDP

Total ExpenditureTotal Expenditure


SectorSector

EducationEducationHealthHealth

OthersOthers

28.3228.32

5.775.77

2.92.9

1.231.23

1.641.64

28.5428.54

5.575.57

2.742.74

1.221.22

1.611.61

27.2927.29

5.495.49

2.672.67

1.191.19

1.621.62

26.8126.81

5.705.70

2.692.69

1.271.27

1.741.74

27.7127.71

6.196.19

2.882.88

1.361.36

1.951.95

27.9127.91

6.276.27

2.842.84

1.391.39

2.042.04

As percentage of TotalAs percentage of Total

expenditureexpenditure


SectorSector

EducationEducationHealthHealth

20.420.4

10.310.3

4.34.3

5.85.8

19.519.5

9.69.6

4.34.3

5.65.6

20.120.1

9.89.8

4.44.4

66

21.321.3

1010

4.74.7

6.56.5

22.322.3

10.410.4

4.94.9

77

22.522.5

10.210.2

5.05.0

7.37.3


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EDUCATION in IndiaEDUCATION in India


Primary EducationPrimary EducationThe 86th Constitutional Amendment of2002 led to inclusion ofThe 86th Constitutional Amendment of2002 led to inclusion ofa new Article 21a new Article 21--A in PartIII of the Constitution that made FreeA in PartIII of the Constitution that made Freeand Compulsory Education to all children of 6 to 14 years of ageand Compulsory Education to all children of 6 to 14 years of agea Fundamental Right.a Fundamental Right.

Secondary EducationSecondary EducationThe number of secondary and higher secondary schools hasThe number of secondary and higher secondary schools has

increased from 7,416 in 1950increased from 7,416 in 1950--51 to 1,52,049in200451 to 1,52,049in2004--05. Total05. Totalenrolmentin secondary and higher secondary stage hasenrolmentin secondary and higher secondary stage hasincreasedcorrespondingly from 1.5 millionin 1950increasedcorrespondingly from 1.5 millionin 1950-- 51 to 37.151 to 37.1millionin2004millionin2004--05.05.

Higher & Technical EducationHigher & Technical EducationAccording to the University Grants Commission (UGC),According to the University Grants Commission (UGC),

enrolme

ntin

various

courses at all levels

inuni

versities/

collegese

nrolme

ntin

various

courses at all levels

inuni

versities/

collegesand other institutions of higher educationin2005and other institutions of higher educationin2005--06 was 11.3406 was 11.34

million as compared to 10.50 millionin the previous yearmillion as compared to 10.50 millionin the previous year


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Primary Education Schemes in IndiaPrimary Education Schemes in India


Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

National Programme for Education of GirlsNational Programme for Education of Girlsat Elementary Education (NPEGELat Elementary Education (NPEGEL))

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)

National programme of midNational programme of midday meals inday meals inschoolsschools


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Recent Expansion of Higher EducationalRecent Expansion of Higher EducationalInstitutionsInstitutions

Two State Universities in Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura were converted intoTwo State Universities in Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura were converted intoCentral Universities and a new Central University has been established inCentral Universities and a new Central University has been established inSikkim. With this, all the eight States in the Northeastern Region have at leastSikkim. With this, all the eight States in the Northeastern Region have at leastone Central University eachone Central University each

Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, which was earlier aCentral Institute of English and Foreign Languages, which was earlier aDeemed University, has been converted into a Central University.Deemed University, has been converted into a Central University.

Two Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) wereTwo Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) were

established during 2005established during 2005--06 at Kolkata and Pune, and a third one at Mohali in06 at Kolkata and Pune, and a third one at Mohali in20062006--07. Two more IISERs have been approved at Bhopal and07. Two more IISERs have been approved at Bhopal andThiruvananthapuram during the Eleventh Plan.Thiruvananthapuram during the Eleventh Plan.

The 20 National Institutes of Technology (NITs) were earlier being managedThe 20 National Institutes of Technology (NITs) were earlier being managedby individual registered societies. They were brought under a commonby individual registered societies. They were brought under a commonstatutory framework during 2007statutory framework during 2007--08 by enacting the National Institutes of08 by enacting the National Institutes ofTechnology Act which came into force on 15.08.2007.Technology Act which came into force on 15.08.2007.

The seventh IIM, namely the Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management,The seventh IIM, namely the Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management,has been established at Shilong in 2007has been established at Shilong in 2007--08. It will admit the first batch of08. It will admit the first batch ofstudents in 2008.students in 2008.

The Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing,The Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing,Kanchipuram, has also come into being during 2007Kanchipuram, has also come into being during 2007--08.08.


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HEALTHHEALTH


The National Rural Health Mission was launched on AprilThe National Rural Health Mission was launched on April12, 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and accountable12, 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and accountable

quality health services to the poorest households in thequality health services to the poorest households in the

remotest rural regions.remotest rural regions.

The thrust of the Mission was on establishing a fullyThe thrust of the Mission was on establishing a fullyfunctional, community owned, decentralized healthfunctional, community owned, decentralized health

delivery system with intersectoral convergence at alldelivery system with intersectoral convergence at all

levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range oflevels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of

determinants of health like water, sanitation, education,determinants of health like water, sanitation, education,

nutrition, social and gender equality.nutrition, social and gender equality.


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Initiatives for Health inIndiaInitiatives for Health inIndia


Strengthening of Primary Health Infrastructure & Improving ServiceStrengthening of Primary Health Infrastructure & Improving Servicedeliverdeliveryy

Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP)Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP)

Funding for Support Mechanism of ASHAFunding for Support Mechanism of ASHA

(Accredited Social Health Activist)(Accredited Social Health Activist) Pulse Polio Immunization ProgrammePulse Polio Immunization Programme

National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgrammeNational Vector Borne Disease Control Programme

Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)

National AIDS Control ProgrammeNational AIDS Control Programme

Family Planning ProgrammeFamily Planning Programme Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and HomoeopathyAyurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy

(AYUSH)(AYUSH)


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HDI(Human DevelopmentIndex)HDI(Human DevelopmentIndex)


EachEach yearyear sincesince 19901990 thethe HumanHuman DevelopmentDevelopment ReportReport hashaspublishedpublished thethe humanhuman developmentdevelopment indexindex (HDI)(HDI) whichwhich lookslooksbeyondbeyond GDPGDP toto aa broaderbroader definitiondefinition ofof wellwell--beingbeing..

TheThe HDIHDI providesprovides aa compositecomposite measuremeasure ofof threethree dimensionsdimensionsofof humanhuman developmentdevelopment:: livingliving aa longlong andand healthyhealthy lifelife(measured(measured byby lifelife expectancy),expectancy), beingbeing educatededucated (measured(measured bybyadultadult literacyliteracy andand enrolmentenrolment atat thethe primary,primary, secondarysecondary andandtertiarytertiary level)level) andand havinghaving aa decentdecent standardstandard ofof livingliving(measured(measured byby purchasingpurchasing powerpower parity,parity, PPP,PPP, income)income)..


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IIndiasndias humanhuman developmentdevelopment indexindex 20052005

HDIHDI valuevalueLifeLife expectancyexpectancy atat birthbirth

(years)(years)

AdultAdult literacyliteracy raterate

((%% agesages 1515 andand older)older)

CombinedCombined primary,primary,

secondarysecondary andand tertiarytertiary

grossgross enrolmentenrolment ratioratio

((%%))

GDPGDP per per capitacapita

(PPP(PPP USUS$$))

11.. IcelandIceland ((00..968968)) 11.. JapanJapan ((8282..33)) 11.. GeorgiaGeorgia ((100100..00)) 11.. AustraliaAustralia ((113113..00)) 11.. LuxembourgLuxembourg ((6060,,228228))

126126.. MoroccoMorocco ((00..646646)) 123123.. PakistanPakistan ((6464..66)) 112112.. RwandaRwanda ((6464..99)) 120120.. NamibiaNamibia ((6464..77))115115.. SyrianSyrian ArabArab

RepublicRepublic ((33,,808808))

127127.. EquatorialEquatorial GuineaGuinea

((00..642642))124124.. ComorosComoros ((6464..11)) 113113.. MalawiMalawi ((6464..11)) 121121.. VietViet NamNam ((6363..99)) 116116.. NicaraguaNicaragua ((33,,674674))

128128.. IndiaIndia ((00..619619)) 125125.. IndiaIndia ((6363..77)) 114114.. IndiaIndia ((6161..00)) 122122.. IndiaIndia ((6363..88)) 117117.. IndiaIndia ((33,,452452))

129129.. SolomonSolomon IslandsIslands

((00..602602))126126.. MauritaniaMauritania ((6363..22)) 115115.. SudanSudan ((6060..99)) 123123.. VanuatuVanuatu ((6363..44)) 118118.. HondurasHonduras ((33,,430430))

130130.. LaoLao People'sPeople's

DemocraticDemocratic RepublicRepublic

((00..601601))

127127.. LaoLao People'sPeople's

DemocraticDemocratic RepublicRepublic

((6363..22))

116116.. BurundiBurundi ((5959..33)) 124124.. MalawiMalawi ((6363..11)) 119119.. GeorgiaGeorgia ((33,,365365))

177177.. SierraSierra LeoneLeone

((00..336336))177177.. ZambiaZambia ((4040..55)) 139139.. BurkinaBurkina FasoFaso ((2323..66)) 172172.. NigerNiger ((2222..77)) 174174.. MalawiMalawi ((667667))


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The human development indexThe human development index


Source: World Human DevelopmentReport 2007-08


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HDI TrendsHDI Trends



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Building the Capabilities of WomenBuilding the Capabilities of Women


The genderThe gender--related development index (GDI), introduced inrelated development index (GDI), introduced in

Human Development Report 1995, measures achievements in theHuman Development Report 1995, measures achievements in the

same dimensions using the same indicators as the HDI butsame dimensions using the same indicators as the HDI but

captures inequalities in achievement between women and men. Itcaptures inequalities in achievement between women and men. It

is simply the HDI adjusted downward for gender inequality. Theis simply the HDI adjusted downward for gender inequality. The

greater the gender disparity in basic human development, thegreater the gender disparity in basic human development, the

lower is a country's GDI relative to its HDI.lower is a country's GDI relative to its HDI.

India's GDI value, 0.600 should be compared to its HDI value ofIndia's GDI value, 0.600 should be compared to its HDI value of

0.619. Its GDI value is 96.9% of its HDI value0.619. Its GDI value is 96.9% of its HDI value


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GDIGDI asas %% ofof HDIHDI

LifeLife expectancyexpectancy atat birthbirth

(years)(years)

20042004

AdultAdult literacyliteracy raterate

((%% agesages 1515 andand older)older)

20042004

CombinedCombined primary,primary,

secondarysecondary andand tertiarytertiary

grossgross enrolmentenrolment ratioratio

20042004

FemaleFemale asas %% malemale FemaleFemale asas %% malemale FemaleFemale asas %% malemale

11.. MaldivesMaldives

((100100..44%%))

11.. RussianRussian FederationFederation

((123123..11%%))11.. LesothoLesotho ((122122..55%%))

11.. UnitedUnited ArabArab EmiratesEmirates

((126126..00%%))

136136.. MozambiqueMozambique

((9797..33%%))

153153.. DjiboutiDjibouti ((105105..00%%))132132.. CongoCongo (Democratic(Democratic

RepublicRepublic ofof the)the) ((6666..88%%))

157157.. SenegalSenegal ((8888..77%%))

137137.. EritreaEritrea ((9797..00%%)) 154154.. GrenadaGrenada ((104104..99%%)) 133133.. AngolaAngola ((6565..44%%)) 158158.. NepalNepal ((8787..88%%))

138138.. IndiaIndia ((9797..00%%)) 155155.. IndiaIndia ((104104..77%%)) 134134.. IndiaIndia ((6565..22%%)) 159159.. IndiaIndia ((8787..77%%))

139139.. OmanOman ((9696..99%%)) 156156.. ChinaChina ((104104..77%%))135135.. CteCte d'Ivoired'Ivoire

((6363..55%%))160160.. MoroccoMorocco ((8787..55%%))

140140.. NigeriaNigeria ((9696..99%%)) 157157.. CongoCongo ((104104..77%%)) 136136.. MoroccoMorocco ((6060..33%%))161161.. KoreaKorea (Republic(Republic of)of)

The GDI compared to the HDI a measure of gender disparity


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