Chapter 15 “The South and West Transformed”

How did the economy, society, and culture of the South and West change after the Civil War?

The New South Section 1

• How did the southern economy and society change after the Civil War?

• Vocabulary: cash crop Civil Rights Act of 1875 Farmers’ Alliance

Industries and Cities Grow

• New industries spread through the South – textiles, lumber, cigars, coal, iron, and

steel processing • More diversified farming with smaller

farms • Railroads link cities and towns • Southern economic recovery is

limited – War damage, lack of capital, limited

education, few southern banks

Southern Farmers Face Hard Times

• Cotton that once dominated agriculture – Price was depressed and boll weevil appeared

in the 1890s • Farmers band together: Farmers’ Alliance

tried to convince government to force railroads to lower the freight prices and regulate interest charged by banks

Black Southerners Gain and Lose • Political and economic gains

– Citizenship allowed the right to vote (14th and 15th amendment)

• Some opened businesses or bought farms • African Americans had access to education • White blacklash

– KKK used terror and freedoms were whittled away • Civil Rights Act of 1875

– Guaranteed African Americans the right to ride trains and use public facilities

• Supreme Court ruled in 1883 that these were local issues to be decided by state or local law

• Southern governments rolled back rights of African Americans

Westward Expansion and the American Indians

• How did the pressures of westward expansion impact Native Americans?

• Vocabulary: reservation Wounded Knee Sand Creek Massacre assimilate Sitting Bull Chief Joseph Dawes General Allotment Act Battle of Little Big Horn

Railroads and Settlers • Railroads brought

swarms of settlers, who took Native American lands – Some signed treaties,

selling their lands and went to reservations

– Others fought, or did not stay on the reservations

Diverse Native Cultures Destroyed • Native Americans viewed

land and nature as sacred • Settlers viewed land as a

resource to produce wealth – Buffalo killed off – Native Americans are forbidden

to practice their religions

• Their land is lost when the Dawes Act gave each male a plot; many sold the land. – The amount of land owned by

Indians shrank by 65% by 1934.

The Sand Creed Massacre • Sioux rebellion, which began in 1862, inflamed Indians

and whites • In 1864, Colorado militia, under the command of John

Chivington, attacked unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, killing many men, women, and children

• Army continued the fight on the Plains

The Final Destruction • Navajo and Apache wars began in 1865 and continued until

Geronimo surrendered in 1886 • The First Sioux War in 1865 occurred when the government

decided to build a road through Sioux hunting lands in Montana – Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868: U.S. would not build the road; Sioux

would live on a reservation with U.S. support

• Red River War: defeat of Comanches and Kiowas • The Second Sioux War began in 1875 when miners went to the

Black Hills in SD. Chief Sitting Bull left the reservation

Sitting Bull and the Fall of the Sioux • Lt. Colonel George

Armstrong Custer was sent to locate the Indians

• In the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Custer and more than 200 soldiers were killed. Sitting Bull escaped to Canada, but returned to the reservation five years later.

• In 1890, more than 200 unarmed Sioux are massacred at Wounded Knee.

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce

• Tribe located in the Northwest

• Youth attacked settlers to get Nez Perce horses

• Chief Joseph tried to escape with his people and got to within 40 miles of Canada.

• Finally settled on a reservation in Oklahoma

The Fate of Indian Territory

• Nearly 70 Indian nations had been forced into Indian Territory

• In 1889 Congress opened 2 million acres to settlers

• At noon on April 22, hundreds of homesteaders rushed across the border

• Known as Boomers; those who sneaked in early were known as Sooners.

Wounded Knee

• Religious revival: Ghost Dance to banish whites and restore buffalo

• 1890 Sitting Bull was killed

• Army killed over 100 at Wounded Knee in South Dakota

Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence NOTE TAKING

Assimilation by Force

Infographic: Assimilation by Force

INFOGRAPHIC

Government Promotes Assimilation

• Reformers criticize policy: Helen Hunt Jackson fought for recognition of Indian rights in the courts

• Congress passes the Dawes General Allotment Act in 1887: Replaced the reservation system with the allotment system; each Indian family was given a 160-acre farm, but with the arid land, the farms were too small

• Many Indian children were sent to boarding schools

PM TRANSPARENCY

Progress Monitoring Transparency

Transforming the West Section 3

Transforming the West

• What economic and social factors changed the West after the Civil War?

• Vocabulary: vigilante open range Homestead Act land grant transcontinental railroad Exodusters

Transforming the West

Miners Hope to Strike It Rich Main Idea: Mining was the first great boom in the West. Gold and silver were the magnets that attracted a vast number of people. Prospectors from the East were just a part of a flood that included people from all around the world. Railroaders Open the West Main Idea: As industry in the West grew, the need for a railroad to transport goods increased as well. The effects of the new railroads were far reaching. They tied the nation together, moved products and people across the continent, and spurred industrial development. Ranchers Build the Cattle Kingdom Main Idea: Cattle ranching fueled another western boom. This was sparked by the vast acres of grass suitable for feeding herds of cattle. Once the railroad provided the means to move meat to eastern markets, the race was on for land and water. Farmers Settle on Homesteads Main Idea: The Great Plains were the last part of the country to be heavily settled by whites. It was originally set aside for Indians because it was viewed as too dry for agriculture. Yet, with the coming of the transcontinental railroad, millions of farmers moved into the West.

Mining Frontier • Sutter’s Mill in CA • Pikes Peak • Comstock Lode • Placer mining: shoveled dirt

into a pan and washed it in water, looking for gold or silver

• Large corporations will move in with mining equipment, placing a burden on the water supply.

• Mining will help the industrial development

Boom Town TRANSPARENCY

Big Business Receives Land Pacific Railway Acts of

1862 and 1864 gave the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies 10 square miles on each side of the tracks.

Sold land to settlers who wanted farms

The Cattle Industry • Americans adopted Mexican

ranching ways, equipment, and dress.

• Huge demand for beef • Long drive: transporting

cattle from ranges to the cow towns

• Chisholm Trail linked Texas to Kansas and the railroad

• Barbed wire will end the open-range system

Two Land Laws • Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862: provide support for state

colleges; the federal government distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments; the land was sold to fund agricultural colleges

• Homestead Act, 1862: offered 160 acres of land to those who met the requirements

1. 21 years old 2. American citizens or have filed for citizenship 3. Pay $10 4. Build a house and live in it at least 6 months a year 5. Farm the land for 5 consecutive years • Problems: Many too poor, no farming experience, fraud

Settlers Work Together • Water was scarce,

contaminated; 1880s had well-drilling equipment

• Backbreaking labor • Men often had to leave and

work in towns for cash, leaving families alone

• Families cooperated in building houses, barns, sewing quilts, corn-husking, caring for the sick

Farming on the Plains • Challenging conditions • New technology-dry farming,

planting crops that do not require much water

• Agricultural knowledge • Bonanza farms: controlled by

big businesses • Farm debt: machines were

costly, land speculation, and low prices for crops

Cattle Drive TRANSPARENCY

African Americans • Exodusters: 50,000 African

Americans who moved to the West

• Benjamin “Pap” Singleton led a group

• Life was hard due to poverty, lack of experience with prairie crops like wheat and corn

• Most were happier than if they had stayed in the South

Women on the Frontier • Long periods alone • Men often had to leave

to find jobs for cash • Women stayed to protect

homestead from squatters

• Western women led the fight for the right to vote

• 1890 Wyoming was the first state to give women the right to vote

Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

Competition, Conflict, and Change

• Economic Rivalries: Conflicts between miners, ranchers, sheepherders, and farmers led to violence; biggest losers were Native Americans

• Prejudices and discrimination: West was most

diverse area of country with Asian, Mexican and Mexican American, and Native American residents

The West by 1900

• Number of tenant farmers grew in the West

• Corporations owned many large farms

• Farmers were deeply in debt

• Census of 1890: frontier ended

Frederick Jackson Turner

• Frontier closed; claimed that the frontier had played a central role in forming the American character

• Frontier had produced individualistic, restless, and socially mobile Americans who were ready for adventure

PM TRANSPARENCY

Progress Monitoring Transparency

Chapter 15�“The South and West Transformed”The New South�Section 1Industries and Cities GrowTransparency: Railroads Connect the SouthSouthern Farmers Face Hard TimesChart: Wholesale Price of Cotton 1865-1890Black Southerners Gain and LoseChart: Per Capita Income in the South, 1860 and 1880Westward Expansion and the American IndiansRailroads and SettlersDiverse Native Cultures DestroyedThe Sand Creed MassacreThe Final DestructionSitting Bull and the Fall of the SiouxChief Joseph of the Nez PerceThe Fate of Indian TerritoryWounded KneeNote Taking: Reading Skill: Recognize SequenceInfographic: Assimilation by ForceGovernment Promotes AssimilationProgress Monitoring Transparency: Section 2Slide Number 22Transforming the WestSec 3: Transforming the West Mining FrontierTransparency: Boom TownBig Business Receives LandThe Cattle IndustryTwo Land LawsSettlers Work TogetherFarming on the PlainsTransparency: Cattle DriveAfrican AmericansWomen on the FrontierNote Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main IdeasCompetition, Conflict, and ChangeThe West by 1900Frederick Jackson TurnerProgress Monitoring Transparency: Section 3