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Includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Serves a number of vital functions that are critical to your very survival.
There are 6 functions of the skin:WaterproofRegulates body temperatureA major sense organBody’s 1st line of defense against pathogensProtects against UV raysProtects internal organs
1. Epidermis: Outer most layerDead cells shed when clothing rubs your skin or
when you wash.
2. Dermis: Inner layer of skinMade up of connective tissue.Gives skin its elasticity, or spongy, flexible quality.
3. Hydodermis: Not part of skinAttaches skin to bone and muscle
Sebaceous(sih-BAY-shuhs) glands: Structures within the skin that produce an oily
secretion called sebum.
Sweat glands: perspiration
Ringworm: a common fungal infection that affects various parts of the body.
Athlete’s Foot: a fungal infection of the skin between the toes.
Boils: an inflamed pus-filled area of the skin. Usually infecting a hair follicle.
Warts: contagious growths on the outer layer of the skin caused by viruses.
Moles: small, round, slightly thickened, brown to dark brown spots on the skin.
Callus: an area of thickened skin that forms as a result of regular of continued friction or pressure.
5 functions:1. Allows movement2. Provides a supporting framework3. Protects organs4. Storage place for essential body minerals5. Produce red and white blood cells
CartilageStrong flexible materialProvides smooth movement
OssificationCartilage forming into a bone
LigamentsBone to Bone
TendonBone to Muscle
JointsWhere two bones meet
Hinge:Move back and forth in one plane (Knee, Elbow)
Ball & Socket:Allows most movement (Shoulder)
Pivot:One bone rotates around another (Head on Spine)
Gliding:Slide over one another (Hand and Foot)
Partially Movable:Limited movement (Vertebrae)
Immovable:Fixed, Does NOT move (Skull)
OsteoporosisResults from a loss of calcium in the bone.
ScoliosisLateral or side to side curvature of the spine.
FracturesAny type of break in the bone
Simple: Doesn’t stick out of skin Compound: Broken bone protrudes through skin
Moving BonesPumping BloodMoving food through digestive systemControlling air movement in and out of lungs
Voluntary: Skeletal musclesYou control these muscles
Example: Bicep, tricepInvoluntary: Smooth muscles
You do NOT control these musclesExample: Stomach, intestines,
esphagusCardiac:
Heart muscle
Acute – NewExamples: Sprain, strain
Treatment: RICEChronic – Old/recurring
Examples: Arthritis, old sprain, strainTreatment: heat before activity, ice after
Sprains & Strains1st degree: Few fibers torn2nd degree: ½ - ¾ torn – out for 2 days to 2
weeks3rd degree: Complete tear - Surgery
R – RestI – IceC – CompressionE - Elevation
Bag: 20 minutes every 2 hours – bag directly on skin
Ice cup: Dixie cup frozen with ice – peel and massage small area
Ice bucket: Bucket full of ice – add water – 20 minutes in the bucket
Your nervous system is the body’s communication network and control system.
Homeostasis: Keeping the body and its systems in balance.
Senses: Controls sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
Consciousness: Makes you aware of the things around you.
Memory: Your ability to remember things.Emotions: Controls how you deal with things.Intelligence: Controls your capacity to learn
things.
Divided in 3 divisions.
Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
Includes:BrainSpinal Cord
Functions:Takes in informationComputes that informationTransmits a response to the body
Example:Making a decision on something causing movement
of a body part.
Includes:12 pair of cranial nerves (head)31 pair of spinal nerves (off spinal cord)
Function:Carries impulses for movement from the brain out
to the body parts.
Example: Then carries impulses for sensations from body parts back to the brain.
Includes:Sympathetic Nerves: Speeds up organs or
prepares them for something. (starts the digestive system)
Para sympathetic Nerves: Shuts the organ down after it has been used. (shuts down the digestive system)
Functions:Regulates internal organs of the body
Example:Speeds up heart to beat faster and breathe
faster
The brain is the largest, most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds and contains almost 100 billion neurons. Your brain helps you:Receive messagesThinkRememberReasonCoordinate your muscle movementsEmotionsSenses
The Brain
CerebrumThe largest part of the brain.Divided into 2 identical halves called the
cereberal hemispheres.Right hemisphere: Controls muscular activity
and receives sensory input from the left half of the body.
Left hemisphere: Controls the muscular activity and receives sensory input from the right half of the body.
4 lobesFrontal lobe controls voluntary
movements, motivation, mood, and aggression.
Parietal lobe is involved with a wide variety of sensory information-heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space.
Occipital lobe contains the sense of vision.Temporal lobe contains the senses of
hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment.
Spinal CordAn extension of the brain that also controls REFLEXES!
Simple reflex: Knee jerk reflexThe impulse does not go all the way to the brain so it
saves times and acts as a protective reflex.You do not learn these – You have them.
Conditioned reflex: Acquired from past experienceEx. Mouth watering before you eat, nervous at scary
music in a movie, phobias from fearsHabits: When an impulse travels the same pathway so
much you react without really knowing it.Conscious: Separates us from others.
Ex. Ability to think and reason, right and wrong, learning to read
Digestive System
OrgansMouthPharynxEsophagusStomachSmall intestineLarge intestineLiverGallbladderPancreas
FunctionsDigestion: Breaks down food into molecules
that the body can use.Mechanical digestion: foods are physically
broken apart into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion: Chemicals produced by
your body break large molecules into smaller ones that your body can use.
Absorption: Process by which nutrients pass through the lining of your digestive system into your blood.
Elimination: Materials that are not absorbed are eliminated from the body as waste.
Cardiovascular System
FunctionsDelivering Materials to cellsRemoving wastes from cellsFight disease
The HeartEach side has 2
chambers.The upper chamber
called the atrium. Receives the blood entering the heart.
The lower chamber called the ventricle. Pump the blood out of heart.
BloodPlasma: The liquid component of the
blood.Red blood cells: Cells that carry oxygen
from the lungs to all the parts of your body.
White blood cells: Help protect you against diseases and foreign substances.
Platelets: Cell fragments that play an important role in the blood clotting process.
Blood Types