Chapter 15: Energy Section 15.1: Energy and Its Forms I. Energy and Work Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_______________ II. Kinetic Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ III. Potential Energy Group #______ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ A. Gravitational Potential Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ B. Elastic Potential Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ IV. Forms of Energy Group #______ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ A. Mechanical Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ B. Thermal Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ C. Chemical Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ D. Electrical Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ E. Electromagnetic Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ F. Nuclear Energy Group #_____ Main Idea: Drawing_________________ Section 15.2: Energy Conversion and Conservation I. Energy Conversion Group #_____
Transcript
Chapter 15: Energy Section 15.1: Energy and Its Forms
I. Energy and Work Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_______________
II. Kinetic Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Potential Energy Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Gravitational Potential Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Elastic Potential Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
IV. Forms of Energy Group #______
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Mechanical Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Thermal Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Chemical Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
D. Electrical Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
E. Electromagnetic Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
F. Nuclear Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Section 15.2: Energy Conversion and Conservation
I. Energy Conversion Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Conservation of Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Energy Conversions Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Energy Conversion in Pendulums Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Energy Conversion in the Pole Vault Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Energy Conversion Calculations Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Energy and Mass Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Section 15.3: Energy Resources
I. Nonrenewable Energy Resources Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Renewable Energy Resources Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Hydroelectric Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Solar Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Geothermal Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
D. Other Renewable Resources Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Conserving Energy Resources Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Chapter 16: Thermal Energy and Heat
Section 16.1: Thermal Energy and Matter
I. Work and Heat Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Temperature Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Thermal Energy Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
IV. Thermal Contraction and Expansion Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
V. Specific Heat Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
VI. Measuring Heat Changes Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Section 16.2: Heat and Thermodynamics
I. Conduction Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Thermal Conductors Group # _____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Thermal Insulators Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Convection Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Radiation Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
IV. Thermodynamics Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. First Law of Thermodynamics Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Second Law of Thermodynamics Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Third Law of Thermodynamics Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Section 16.3: Using Heat
I. Heat Engines Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. External Combustion Engine Group # _____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Internal Combustion Engine Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
II. Heating Systems Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Hot-Water Heating Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Steam Heating Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
C. Electric Baseboard Heating Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
D. Forced-Air Heating Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
III. Cooling Systems Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
A. Refrigerators Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
B. Air Conditioners Group #_____
Main Idea:
Drawing_________________
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 15 Energy
Section 15.1 Energy and Its Forms (pages 446–452)This section describes how energy and work are related. Kinetic energy andpotential energy are defined, and examples are shown for calculating theseforms of energy. Examples of various types of energy are discussed.
Reading Strategy (page 446)
Building Vocabulary As you read, complete the concept map with vocabulary terms and definitions from this section. For moreinformation on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skillsin the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Energy and Work (page 447)
1. What is energy? 2. When work is done on an object, is
transferred to that object.3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about work and energy.
a. Energy in food is converted into muscle movement.b. Energy is transferred when work is done.c. Both work and energy are usually measured in joules.d. One joule equals one meter per newton.
Kinetic Energy (pages 447–448)
4. The energy of motion is called .5. Is the following sentence true or false? You can determine the
kinetic energy of an object if you know its mass and its volume.
6. Write the formula used to calculate an object’s kinetic energy.
7. Calculate the kinetic energy of a 0.25-kg toy car traveling at aconstant velocity of 2 m/s.
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 15 173
Objects raised to heightsrelative to a reference level
Diver on a platform high above the water
A guitar string stretched to one side
It is energy that is stored as a result of position or shape.
false
heightmass
true
elastic potential energy
a. mechanical energyb. chemical energyc. electrical energyd. thermal energye. nuclear energyf. electromagnetic energy
b
a
e
f
c
d
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 15 Energy
Section 15.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation(pages 453–459)This section describes how energy is converted from one form to another. Thelaw of conservation of energy also is presented.
Reading Strategy (page 453)
Relating Cause and Effect As you read, complete the flowchart toexplain an energy conversion used by some gulls to obtain food. Formore information on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading andStudy Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end ofyour textbook.
How Gulls Use Energy Conversions
Energy Conversion (page 454)
1. Is the following sentence true or false? Energy can be convertedfrom one form to another.
2. When a wind-up toy is set in motion, elastic potential energy thatwas stored in a compressed spring is converted into the
of the toy’s moving parts.3. Is the following sentence true or false? The action of striking a
match shows that stored chemical energy in the match can beconverted into thermal energy and electromagnetic energy of theflame in a single step.
Conservation of Energy (page 455)
4. What does the law of conservation of energy state?
5. Is the following sentence true or false? When an object slows downbecause of frictional force acting on it, an amount of energy isdestroyed that is equivalent to the decrease in kinetic energy of theobject.
6. A moving object slows down because friction causes a continualconversion of kinetic energy into .
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 15 175
The oyster strikes a rock and breaks,kinetic energy is
converted into thermalenergy. The kinetic
energy and gravitationalpotential energy of theoyster are now zero.
Gull lifts oyster,increasing
oyster’s gravitationalpotential energy.
The gull drops the oyster, and the
oyster’s gravitationalpotential energy is
converted into kineticenergy as the oysterfalls. (Air resistance
can be ignored.)
true
kinetic energy
false
false
thermal energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy Conversions (pages 456–458)
7. As an object falls, the gravitational potential energy of the object isconverted into .
8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about pendulums.a. A pendulum consists of a weight suspended from a string that
swings back and forth.b. The weight at the end of a pendulum reaches maximum kinetic
energy at the highest point in the pendulum’s swing.c. Potential energy and kinetic energy undergo constant
conversion as a pendulum swings.d. Frictional forces enable a pendulum to continue swinging
without slowing down.9. At what point during a pole-vaulter’s jump is his gravitational
potential energy the greatest?
10. Circle the letter of the type of energy that increases as the polebends before it propels a pole-vaulter up into the air.a. kinetic energy b. mechanical energyc. frictional force d. elastic potential energy
11. Is the following sentence true or false? For a mechanical change inan isolated system, the mechanical energy at the beginning equalsthe mechanical energy at the end of the process, as long as frictionis negligible.
12. Tell whether the following situations illustrate kinetic energy,potential energy, or both.
What Type of Energy Is It?
Situation Form of Energy
A stationary wind-up toy with a compressed spring
A descending roller coaster car
A skier poised to take off at the top of a hill
A car driving on a flat road
A vibrating guitar string
Energy and Mass (page 459)
13. What does Einstein’s equation imply about mass and energy?
14. Is the following sentence true or false? Einstein’s equation, E � mc2, suggests that mass and energy together are conserved.
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 15 Energy
176 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 15
energy are equivalent, and mass and energy can be converted into each other.
true
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 15 Energy
Section 15.3 Energy Resources(pages 462–466)This section describes types of energy resources and ways to conserve them.
Reading Strategy (page 462)
Identifying Main Ideas As you read the section, write the main ideafor each heading in the table. For more information on this ReadingStrategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills andReference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Heading Main Idea
Nonrenewable energy resources
Renewable energy resources
Conserving energy resources
Nonrenewable Energy Resources (page 462)
1. What are nonrenewable energy resources?
2. List four examples of nonrenewable energy resources.a. b.c. d.
3. Circle the letter of each resource that is considered to be a fossil fuel.a. treeb. uraniumc. oild. coal
4. Is the following sentence true or false? Although fossil fuels areevenly distributed throughout Earth, they only represent tenpercent of total energy consumed.
5. What are some advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuelsas a source of energy?
Renewable Energy Resources (pages 463–464)
6. An energy resource that can be replaced in a reasonably shortperiod of time is called a(n) resource.
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 15 177
Nonrenewable energy resources include oil, naturalgas, and coal. They exist in limited quantities.
Renewable energy resources include hydroelectric,solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, and nuclear fusion.
Energy resources can be conserved by reducing energyneeds and by increasing the efficiency of energy use.
They are resources that exist in limited quantities
and, once used, cannot be replaced except over the course of millions of years.
Oil Natural gas
Coal Uranium
false
renewable
Fossil fuels are relatively inexpensive and are usually readily available,
but their use creates pollution.
7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about renewableenergy resources.a. Wind and solar energy are both renewable energy resources.b. Renewable energy resources are always more efficient than
nonrenewable resources.c. Renewable energy resources can be used to generate electricity
and to heat homes.d. Magma generates most renewable energy, either directly or
indirectly.8. Describe one energy conversion that takes place during the
generation of hydroelectric power.
9. Is the following sentence true or false? One disadvantage ofhydroelectric power is that it is among the most expensive energysources.
For numbers 10 through 15, match the letter of each renewable energy sourceto its description.
Description Renewable Energy Sources
10. Water pumped below ground is converted to steam.
11. The most likely raw material is hydrogen.
12. Mirrors concentrate sunlight to produce electricity.
13. Kinetic energy of moving air is converted into rotational energy of a turbine.
14. Energy is obtained from flowing water.15. Chemical energy stored in wood, peat,
and agricultural waste can be converted into thermal energy.
16. Is the following sentence true or false? Hydrogen fuel cellsgenerate electricity by combining hydrogen with oxygen.
Conserving Energy Resources (page 466)
17. What are two ways that energy resources can be conserved?
18. Name two practical ways in which people can conserve energy.
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 15 Energy
178 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 15
Section 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter(pages 474–478)This section defines heat and describes how work, temperature, and thermalenergy are related to heat. Thermal expansion and contraction of materials isdiscussed, and uses of a calorimeter are explained.
Reading Strategy (page 474)
Previewing Before you read, preview the figures in this section andadd two more questions in the table. As you read, write answers toyour questions. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see theReading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook atthe end of your textbook.
Thermal Energy and Matter
Questions About Thermal AnswersEnergy and Matter
Which has more thermal energy,a cup of tea or a pitcher of juice?
Work and Heat (page 474)
1. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another asthe result of a difference in .
2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about heat.a. Heat is a fluid that flows between particles of matter.b. Heat flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects.c. Friction produces heat.d. The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another is heat.
Temperature (page 475)
3. What is temperature?
4. Is the following sentence true or false? On the Celsius scale, the reference points fortemperature are the freezing and boiling points of water.
A pitcher of juice
The brass was hot enough to make water boilonly during drilling, so the heat must berelated to the motion of the drill.
The lower a material’s specific heat, the moreits temperature rises when a given amount ofenergy is absorbed by a given mass.
Why did Rumford conclude that heat is nota form of matter? (Fig. 1)
How is specific heat related totemperature? (Fig. 3)
temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to
a reference point.
true
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 16 Thermal Energy and Heat
186 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 16
5. Circle the letter of each sentence that explains what happens whenan object heats up.a. Its particles move faster, on average.b. The average kinetic energy of its particles decreases.c. Its mass increases.d. Its temperature increases.
Thermal Energy (page 475)
6. What is thermal energy?
7. Thermal energy depends upon the , , and of an object.
8. Is the following sentence true or false? Two substances can be thesame temperature and have different thermal energies.
Thermal Expansion and Contraction (page 476)
9. Is the following sentence true or false? Thermal contraction occurswhen matter is heated, because particles of matter tend to movecloser together as temperature increases.
10. Describe thermal expansion and contraction by completing thetable below.
Thermal Expansion and Contraction
Condition Temperature Space Between VolumeParticles
Increases
Decreases
Specific Heat (pages 476–477)
11. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram ofmaterial by one degree Celsius is called .
12. Why are you more likely to burn yourself on a metal toy than on a plastic toy if both have been sitting in the sun?
Measuring Heat Changes (page 478)
13. What device is used to measure changes in thermal energy?
14. Is the following sentence true or false? A calorimeter uses theprinciple that heat flows from a hotter object to a colder objectuntil both reach the same temperature.
Thermal expansion
Thermal contraction Decreases Decreases
Increases Increases
Thermal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of all the
masstemperature phase
true
false
specific heat
The specific heats of metals tend to
be lower than the specific heats of plastics. If equal masses of metal and plastic absorb the same
thermal energy, the metal’s temperature rises more.
particles in an object.
a calorimeter
true
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 16 Thermal Energy and Heat
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 16 187
Section 16.2 Heat andThermodynamics(pages 479–483)This section discusses three kinds of thermal energy transfer and introducesthe first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics.
Reading Strategy (page 479)
Build Vocabulary As you read this section, add definitions andexamples to complete the table. For more information on this ReadingStrategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills andReference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Transfer of Thermal Energy
Definitions Examples
Conduction: transfer of thermal energy Frying pan handle heats upwith no net transfer of matter
Convection:
Radiation:
Conduction (pages 479–480)
1. The transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter iscalled .
2. Why is conduction slower in gases than in liquids and solids?
3. Is the following sentence true or false? Conduction is faster inmetals than in other solids because metals have free electrons thattransfer thermal energy.
4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about conduction.a. Thermal energy is transferred without transfer of matter.b. Matter is transferred great distances during conduction.c. Conduction can occur between materials that are not touching.d. In most solids, conduction takes place as particles vibrate in place.
5. Complete the table about conduction.
Conduction
Type of Material Quality of Conduction Two Examples
Conducts thermal energy well Copper;
Thermal insulator Wood;
Hot air circulating in an oven
Heating coil of a stove glows
transfer of thermal energy whenparticles of a fluid move from one place to another
transfer of energy by wavesmoving through space
Thermal conductor
Conducts thermal energy poorly air
aluminum
conduction
In conduction, thermal
energy is transferred by collisions between particles, and there are fewer collisions among particles
in a gas than in a liquid or a solid.
true
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 16 Thermal Energy and Heat
188 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 16
6. The transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move fromone place to another is called .
7. Why is temperature higher at the bottom of an oven?
8. When a fluid circulates in a loop as it alternately heats up andcools down, a(n) occurs.
9. Give three examples of convection currents in nature.
Radiation (page 481)
10. The transfer of energy by waves moving through space is called.
11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about radiation.a. Energy is transferred by waves.b. All objects radiate energy.c. The amount of energy radiated from an object decreases as its
temperature increases.d. The farther away you are from a radiating object, the less
radiation you receive.
Thermodynamics (pages 482–483)
12. Thermodynamics is the study of conversions betweenand other forms of energy.
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted into different forms.
14. Thermal energy flows spontaneously from objects to ones.
15. According to the second law of thermodynamics, what must happen for thermal energy to flow from a colder object to a hotter object?
16. Thermal energy that is not converted into work is called.
17. Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists have created aheat engine with 100 percent efficiency by reducing thetemperature of the outside environment to absolute zero.
18. Is the following sentence true or false? Matter can be cooled toabsolute zero.
convection
When air at the bottom of the
oven heats up, it expands, becomes less dense, and cools as it rises. Cooler, denser air sinks
and is heated again at the bottom of the oven.
convection current
Ocean currents, weather systems,
and movement of hot rock in Earth’s interior are examples of convection currents.
radiation
thermal energy
true
hottercolder
Work must be done on the system.
waste heat
false
false
Name ___________________________ Class ___________________ Date _____________
Chapter 16 Thermal Energy and Heat
Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook ■ Chapter 16 189
Section 16.3 Using Heat(pages 486–492)This section describes ways in which humans benefit from heat engines,heating systems, and cooling systems. It also discusses how each of thesesystems works.
Reading Strategy (page 486)
Sequencing As you read, complete the cycle diagram to show thesequence of events in a gasoline engine. For more information on thisReading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills andReference Handbook at the end of your textbook.
Sequence of Events in a Gasoline Engine
Heat Engines (pages 486–487)
1. The two main types of heat engines are the and the .
2. A steam engine is an external combustion engine because it burnsfuel the engine.
3. Who developed the first practical steam engine?a. James Prescott Jouleb. Thomas Newcomenc. James Wattd. Benjamin Thompson
4. How is heat converted into work in a steam engine?
5. A heat engine used by most cars in which fuel burns inside theengine is called a(n) .
6. Each upward or downward motion of a piston in an internalcombustion engine is called a(n) .
