Chapter 25 Section 1
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Segregation and Social Tensions
Terms and People
• Jim Crow laws – laws that kept blacks and whites segregated
• poll tax – a tax which voters were required to pay to vote
• literacy test – a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black citizens
• grandfather clause – a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
Terms and People (continued)
• Booker T. Washington – the most famous black leader during the late 19th century, he encouraged African Americans to build up their economic resources through hard work
• W.E.B. Du Bois – a black leader in the late 19th century who disagreed with Washington and argued that blacks should demand full and immediate equality
• Ida B. Wells – an African American teacher who bought a newspaper and embarked on a lifelong crusade against the practice of lynching
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
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Segregation and Social Tensions
Terms and People (continued)
• Las Gorras Blancas – a group of Mexican Americans who protested their loss of land in the Southwest by targeting the property of large ranch owners
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
Federal troops were removed from the South in 1876.
Ways in which blacks’ right to vote was restricted in the South:
Segregation via Jim Crow laws became the norm, and blacks lost voting rights.
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clauses
violence
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
The many strategies used to keep black voters away from the polls were very effective.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
In addition to losing their voting rights, blacks also faced widespread segregation in the South and in the North.
The constitutionality of Jim Crow laws was upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson.
Still, African Americans refused to accept their status as second-class citizens. Several important leaders emerged and called for equality.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
Booker T. Washington was the most famous black leader of the late 19th century.
Washington believed that black citizens should accommodate themselves to segregation and build up their own economic resources through hard work.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
Some disagreed with Booker T. Washington.
W.E.B. Du Bois argued that blacks should demand full and equal rights immediately.
Du Bois felt the burden of achieving equality should not rest on the shoulders of African Americans alone.
Another black leader was Ida B. Wells, who devoted her life to the crusade against lynching.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
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Segregation and Social Tensions
Las Gorras Blancas, a Mexican American group, fought for their rights by inflicting property damage on landowners and publishing grievances in their own newspaper.
In the Southwest, four out of five Mexican Americans lost their land after the Mexican-American War, despite a treaty which guaranteed their property rights.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
Faced with severe job discrimination, some Chinese-Americans started their own businesses.
Chinese immigrants also faced racial prejudice in the West at this time.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
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Segregation and Social Tensions
Prior to the Civil War, women played a large role in reform movements, including the call to abolish slavery.
Leaders wanted to further the rights of women and were disappointed when women were not included in the 14th and 15th Amendments.
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Segregation and Social Tensions
• Susan B. Anthony voted in an election in 1872 and was arrested.
• Awaiting trial, she toured the nation, delivering a powerful speech on the issue.
Activists did not secure women’s suffrage during the 19th century.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
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Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
Terms and People
• spoils system – a system in which politicians awarded
government jobs to loyal party workers with little regard
for their qualifications
• civil service – a system that includes federal jobs in the
executive branch
• Pendleton Civil Service Act – a law passed in 1883 that
established a Civil Service Commission, which wrote a
civil service exam
• gold standard – using gold as the basis of the nation’s
currency
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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• Neither political party
achieved control of
both the White House
and Congress for more
than two years in a
row.
• Presidents during the
Gilded Age were
elected only by slim
margins.
Between 1877
and 1897, party
loyalties were
evenly divided.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
Corruption plagued national politics as many officials
accepted bribes.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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Writers, such as Mark Twain, expressed concerns over
the corruption.
This system
made the political
parties extremely
powerful.
The spoils system, in
which party supporters
received government
jobs regardless of their
qualifications, shifted
power to a few.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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A movement arose to promote civil service reform.
Ending the spoils
system was
difficult.
Change finally happened, in
part, because President
James Garfield was
assassinated by a
man who believed the
Republican Party owed him
a job.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Chester A. Arthur became President and supported civil service reform.
In 1883, he signed into law the
Pendleton Civil Service Act,
which established a merit-based system for
government employment.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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Tariffs taxed imported goods,
which supported American
industry but increased
consumer prices.
Monetary policy disputes
concerned the gold standard,
where gold became the basis
of the nation’s currency.
The economic
issues of tariffs
and monetary
policy caused
debate during the
Gilded Age.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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Monetary policy centered on a debate over the Coinage
Act of 1873.
Some people
wanted to use
only gold as
money.
Some wanted to
use both gold
and silver.
Bankers were worried silver would undermine the economy.
Farmers favored it to create inflation and raise their income.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
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Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
Terms and People
• Oliver H. Kelley – a Minnesota farmer and businessman who organized the Grange
• Grange – an organization of farmers who joined to learn about new farming techniques, to call for the regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates, and to prompt the establishment of the ICC
• Populist Party – a political party formed in 1892 on a platform of silver coinage, government ownership of the railroads, and fighting the corrupt and unresponsive elite
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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Terms and People (continued)
• William Jennings Bryan – the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, who supported many Populist principles including silver coinage, and who toured the country to speak directly to voters
• William McKinley – the Republican candidate for president in 1896, who followed a traditional strategy of letting party workers campaign for him
Chapter 25 Section 1
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People moving to the West and South in the late 1800s knew that their lives would not be easy.
Problems facing the farmers of the West and South
They did not anticipate many problems that made survival nearly impossible.
low prices for crops
high transportation, equipment, and loan costs
drought
reduced influence in politics
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Frustrated by these problems, farmers began to organize.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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Farmers created groups to address their problems.
These groups formed a network called the Granger movement. The Grange was formally organized by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867 and gained a million members.
The Grange declined after the 1870s, but Farmers’ Alliances became important reform organizations that continued the Grange’s goals.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances led to the formation of the Populist Party in 1892.
The Populist platform, outlined at the party’s 1892 convention in Omaha, NE, called for:
coinage of silver
an income tax
government ownership of railroads
bank regulations
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
The debate over monetary policy was an important issue of the day.
Those who
wanted a gold
standard were on one side.
Those who wanted to
use silver—including the
Populist Party—were on the other.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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The Populists did well in 1892, electing three governors, five senators, and ten congressmen. The Populist candidate for president received one million votes
in that election.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
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An economic depression began in 1893 and labor unrest and violence broke out. The Populist Party grew.
In 1896, a young lawyer named William Jennings Bryan spoke at the national Democratic convention.
The speech, with its Populist message of “free silver,” moved Democrats to nominate Bryan. The Populist Party chose to give him their support.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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William Jennings Bryan campaigned against Republican candidate William McKinley in a way that had never been seen before.
He toured the country, talking directly to voters.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
McKinley won against Bryan in 1896 and in 1900. Bryan’s emphasis on money reform wasn’t popular with urban workers.
Chapter 25 Section 1
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The Populist Party was weakened by supporting William Jennings Bryan on the Democratic ticket.
It survived another decade, but its viability as an alternative to the two major parties was over.
Many of the reforms sought by the Populists became a reality. The new campaigning style used by Bryan became the norm.
Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions
Section 1
Section Review
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