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8/12/2019 Chapter 16- Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life.pptx Dimaporo
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Chapter 16Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists
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Figure 16.1 Bacteria on a pin point
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Earth formed 4.6 billion years agoEarly atmosphere: CO, CO2, N2, H2O, CH4, NH3
Very different from atmosphere todayLightening, volcanic activity, UV- much moreintense
Prokaryotes- fossils date 3.5bil yrs agoPrevalent in matsPhotosynthesis produces O2 in atmosphere
Organic chemicals- 3.9bil yrs ago- possibly fromenergized inorganic material (from UV orlightening)
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Animals
Land plants
Ceno-zoic
Humans
Origin of solarsystem andEarth
Proterozoiceon
Archaeaneon
Prokaryotes
Atmosphericoxygen
Single-celledeukaryotes
Multicellulareukaryotes
Billions of years ago
1 4
2 3
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Cocci Bacilli Spirochete
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Figure 16.2B Gram-positive (purple) and gram-negative (pink) bacteria
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Hypotheses of life’s origin 1- spontaneous generation- didn’t explain how life arose in thefirst place (Pasteur- maggots on meat)
2- comets and meteorites brought organic compounds to Earth3- (broken up into stages) 1 st- synthesis of organic molecules.2nd- formation of polymers from organic molecules
3rd- polymers replicate (primitive heredity). 4 th- polymers aggregate
having different characteristicsHeterotroph Hypothesis- conditions of primitive Earth producedorganic substances (which could then give rise to organisms)○ These organisms absorbed organic nutrients
○ Miller and Urey experiment produced amino acids○ Now disproved due to change in primitive atmosphere○ Now, underwater volcanoes and vents may have provided
chemical resources
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Water vapor “Atmosphere”
Electrode
Condenser
CH 4
Coldwater
Cooled watercontainingorganicmoleculesH2O
“Sea”
Sample forchemical analysis
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Monomers Formation of short RNApolymers: simple “genes”
G
G
C
C
U
U U
A
A
G G C U U U
C U
U
Assembly of acomplementary RNAchain, the first step inreplication of the
original “gene”
A C G U U
G
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Stages in chemical evolutionOrganic molecules polymerized on hot rocks/clay○ Due to binding sites and metals that clay contained1st genetic material was RNA○ Replicated itself w/o assistance○ Ribozymes- RNA that acts as enzyme, aids in splicing and
polymerization○ RNA World- hypothetical period or evolution when RNA
served as genes and catalyst moleculeRNA could translate into protein (w/o ribosomes or
tRNA)Protein produced helped RNA replicate○ Lipid/protein spheres held RNA/polypeptide co- op’s Co- op’s grew and replicated ○ Evolved a single metabolism
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Self-replication of RNA
Self-replicating RNA acts astemplate on which poly-peptide forms.
Polypeptide acts as primitiveenzyme that aids RNAreplication.
Polypeptide
RNA
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Membrane
Polypeptide
RNA
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Prokaryotes- bacteria
Smaller than eukaryotes, can live in extremeenvironments, live inside of us (digestive tract), arevery important.Come in sphere, rod and spiral shapes2 groups Bacteria and AchaeaBacteria- found in air, land and water, everywhere○ Covers skin, lining nose and mouth, fill digestive
tract○ Many bacteria are pathogens- disease-causing
agentLyme disease, staph, meningitis, syphilis
○ Koch’s postulate*
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Archaea- thrive in extreme conditions (heat, salt,areas high in methane)
Ways of nourishment-○ Photoautotroph- sun and CO2○ Chemoautotroph- inorganic compounds and
CO2○ Most prokaryotes are heterotrophs**○ Photoheterotroph- sun and organic compounds
(obtain carbon from organic molecules, E fromsun)
○ Chemoheterotroph- Most abundant*- geteverything from organic compounds
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Pili
C o l o r i z e d
T E M 1 6 , 0 0 0
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Uses of bacteria Biological weaponsRecycle chemicals, clean up environment (oil spills)
Bioremediation- use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutionEukaryotes originated from communities of prokaryotesLived symbiotically (endosymbiosis)- gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplastsProtists- unicellular and some multicellular eukaryotesSome are photosyntheticHeterotrophs are called protozoaMore complicated than prokaryotes- have membrane bound nucleus and organelles
4 types:Protozoa- ingest food “animal like” Ex:amoebaSlime molds- have uni- and multi-cellular stages of life, heterotrophsUnicellular algae-photosyntheticMulticellular algae- “seaweed” - photosyntheticMulticellular life probably evolved by specialization of protist coloniesMulticellular life- arose about 1bil yrs ago and was aquatic until 500mil yrs ago
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Rotatingspray arm
Rock bedcoated withaerobicbacteriaand fungi
Outflow Liquid wastes
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Cytoplasm
Plasmamembrane
Ancestral prokaryote
Membrane infolding
Endoplasmicreticulum
Nuclearenvelope Nucleus
Cell with nucleus andendomembrane system
Photosyntheticprokaryote
Somecells
Aerobic heterotrophicprokaryote
Ancestral host cell
Endosymbiosis
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Photosynthetic eukaryotic cell
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D i p l o m o n a d s
E u g l e n o z o a n s
D i n o f l a g e l l a t e s
A p i c o m p l e x a n s
C i l i a t e s
W a t e r m o l d s
B r o w n a l g a e
G r e e n a l g a e
P l a n t s
C l o s e s t a l g a l r e l a t i v e s o f p
l a n t s
R e d a l g a e
A n i m a
l s
F u n g i
A m o e b a s
C h o a n o f l a g e l l a t e s
C e l l u l a r s l i m e m o l d s
P l a s m o d i a l s l i m e m o l d s
D i a t o m s
Alveolates Stramenopila Amoebozoa
Ancestral eukaryote
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Sources:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=chapter+16+microbial+life+prokaryotes+and+protists+powerpoint&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei= http://ockerscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/LEH+Ch+16
+teacher.ppt http://faculty.tarleton.edu/nelson/public/Biology%20470/Ch.%2016%20Presentation.ppt http://projects.ecfs.org/pchurch/powerpointsCCe5/16_Lec
tures_PPT/16_Lectures_PPT.ppt
Researched byDimaporo, Janisah M.