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Foundations in Microbiology

Chapter

16

PowerPoint to accompany

Fifth Edition

Talaro

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Immunization and ImmuneAssays

Chapter 16

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Immunotherapy preformed Ab

Immune serum globulin (gamma globulin)contains immunoglobulin extracted from

the pooled blood of at least 1,000 humandonors

Treatment of choice for preventing measles,hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immunedeficient

Lasts 2-3 months

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Immunotherapy preformed Ab

Specific immune globulin-prepared from

convalescent patients in a hyperimmune state

Contains high titer of specific Ab pertussis, tetanus, chickenpox, hepatitis B

sera produced in horses are available for

diphtheria, botulism, spider and snake bites act immediately & can protect patients for

whom no other useful medication exists

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Vaccines

Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not

cause disease but can produce long lasting,

protective immunity

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Serology

A science that attempts to detect signs of infection in apatients serum such as Ab for a specific microbe

Serological tests based on Abs specifically binding toAg.

Ag of known identity will react with Ab in an unknownserum sample.

Known Ab can be used to detect Ag in serum

Ag-Ab reactions are visible by clumps, precipitates,color changes or release of radioactivity.

The most effective tests have high specificity andsensitivity.

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Types of serological tests

1. Agglutination tests

2. Double diffusion precipitation tests

3. Immunoelectrophoresis

4. Western blot tests

5. Complement fixation tests6. Immunofluorescence testing

7. Immunoassays

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Types of serological tests

1. Agglutination tests Ab cross-links whole

cell Ag, forming complexes that settle out

and from visible clumps in the test chamberblood type, some bacterial & viral diseases

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2. Double diffusion precipitation tests

involve the diffusion of Ags and Abs in a

soft agar gel, forming zones of precipitationwhere they meet

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3. Immunoelectrophoresis migration of

serum proteins in gel is combined with

precipitation by Ab

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4. Western blot test separates Ag into bands.

After the gel is affixed to a blotter, it is

reacted with a test specimen and developedby radioactivity or with dyes

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5. Complement fixation tests detect lysins- Ab

that fix complement and can lyse target cells.

Involves mixing test Ag and Ab with

complement and then with sensitized sheep

RBCs.

If complement is fixed by the Ag-Ab, the RBCs

remain intact and the test is positive.

If RBCs are hemolyzed, specific Ab are lacking

and the test is negative.

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6. Immunofluorescence testing uses

fluorescent Ab either directly or indirectly

to visualize cells or cell aggregates thathave reacted with the FAbs

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7. Immunoassays are highly sensitive tests for

Ag and Ab.

Radioimmunoassay Ag or Abs are labeledwith radioactive isotopes and traced

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

can detect unknown Ag or Ab by direct orindirect means. A positive result is visualized

when a colored product is released by an

enzyme-substrate reaction.

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Tests can differentiate B cells from T cells

and their subtypes.