I.Find Out A.How fighting began at Fort Sumter B.The strengths
and weaknesses of each side C.Each sides basic strategy D.The
results of the first battle of Bull Run
Slide 3
Fort Sumter was located in the harbor of Charleston, SC. under
the command of Major Robert Anderson. Lincoln decided to send
supplies rather than give it to the Confederates.
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II.First Shots at Fort Sumter A.Southern states began seizing
federal forts inside borders once they seceded B.Lincoln had to
decide what to do with those that remained under federal control
C.Fort Sumter was located in the harbor of Charleston, SC D.Under
command of Major Robert Anderson E.Running out of supplies
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E.Lincoln risked war if he supplied Fort Sumter F.If he ordered
the troops to leave, he was giving in to the rebels G.Lincoln
decided to send supplies H.April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m. shore guns
opened fire on the island fort i.Fired on the fort for 34 hours
j.Major Anderson surrendered k.Civil War had begun
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The Bombardment of Fort Sumter
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Slide 8
Fort Sumter Under Attack
Slide 9
Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one
Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when
a cannon exploded prematurely when firing a salute during the
evacuation.
Slide 10
F.Lincoln Calls Out the Militia 1.Asked for 75,000 militiamen
for 90 days 2.Citizens of North responded with enthusiasm 3.Robert
E. Lee resigned from Union to fight for the Confederacy Robert E.
Lee of Virginia could not turn his back on his native Virginia once
the war began.
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G.Choosing Sides 1. Four original border states play key role
in outcome of war 2.Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,&
Missouri
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H.Strengths of North 1. Union has 22 million in population 2.
South has 9 million (3.5 M in slaves) 3. 85% of factories in North
4. North has double the railroad mileage 5. Almost all naval power
and shipyards in North 6. Great leader in Abraham Lincoln
Slide 13
I.Southern Strengths 1. Able generals like Robert E. Lee 2.
Fighting a defensive war 3. Defending their homeland
Slide 14
J.The Confederate Strategy 1. Take a defensive position 2. King
Cotton a. Hoped to win foreign support through cotton trade b.
Withheld cotton from market c. Wanted France and Britain to aid
cause d. Surplus in 1861 ruined plan e. Began to take offensive and
win big victories
Slide 15
K.The Union Strategy 1. Bring Southern states back into Union
2. Anaconda plan a. Smother Souths economy b. Blockade southern
coastline c. Gain control of the Mississippi River
Slide 16
The goal of the Anaconda Plan was to cut the South in half by
blockading Southern ports and capturing the Mississippi River. This
plan was devised by General Winfield Scott.
Slide 17
I.First Battle of Bull Run 1. Confederate troops stationed at
Manassas, Va., SW of Washington, D.C. 2. July 21, 1861, Union
forces led by General Irvin McDowell clashed with Confederate
troops led by Gen. Pierre Beauregard 3. Little creek was called
Bull Run where battle was held 4. Stonewall Jacksons nickname 5.
Rebel Yell 6. First major battle of war
Slide 18
Bull Run was a small creek that was located north of Manassas,
Virginia, a railway center southwest of Washington, D.C. On July
21, 1861, Union and Confederate troops clashed in the first real
battle of the Civil War. The battle turned into a convincing
Confederate victory, and General Thomas Stonewall Jackson received
his famous nickname for standing tall like a stonewall in the face
of the battle.
Slide 19
Stonewall Jackson standing tall during the first Battle of Bull
Run. After standing their ground in the face of battle during the
Union charge, the Rebels soon Received 9,000 reinforcements which
turned the tide of the battle their way. The disorganized Union
retreat back to Washington meant defeat for the Union troops.
Slide 20
1. What advantages did the Union have? The Union had a larger
population of 22 million compared to the Souths 9 million of which
3.5 million were slaves. The Union owned 85% of the nations
factories The Union had twice the railroad mileage as the South The
Union controlled almost all of the naval power The North had a
strong leader in Abraham Lincoln 2. What advantages did the
Confederacy have? The South had able generals like Robert E. Lee
The South was fighting a defensive war which would stretch the
Norths supply lines Soldiers in the South were defending their own
homes A.Summarizing As you read about the outbreak of The Civil
War, summarize the strengths and weaknesses of each side at the
time the war was declared.
Slide 21
1. What was the Souths strategy? The Souths strategy was to
take a defensive position and not try to conquer the North. They
wanted to draw France and Britain into the war by withholding
cotton from the European market. Later in the war, the South became
offensive and tried for big victories to destroy Northern moral. 2.
What was the Norths strategy? The Anaconda plan called for a
blockade on the Souths coastline to keep goods and people from
getting in or out of the South. The North then wanted to capture
the Mississippi River and split the South in half. B. Summarizing
As you read about the early days of the war, summarize the
Confederate strategy and the Union strategy.
Slide 22
LeadersOutcome of the BattleImportant Facts 1. Fort Sumter
Major Robert Anderson for the North Abraham Lincoln- North Gen.
Pierre Beauregard-South The South bombarded the fort for over 34
hours. Eventually, Major Anderson surrendered the fort although no
one was killed in the attack. First Battle of the Civil War No
casualties during bombardment 2. First Battle of Bull Run North-
Gen. Irvan McDowell South- Gen. Pierre Beauregard and Gen. Thomas
Stonewall Jackson Huge Confederate victory as the Union army was
overrun by Confederate lines Jackson got his nickname Shocked the
North into realizing it could be a long war C. Categorizing Fill in
the chart below with information about two early battles of the
Civil War.
Slide 23
D. Summarizing On the back of this paper, briefly explain the
Anaconda Plan and King Cotton. Anaconda Plan- The Anaconda Plan was
the Norths strategy to try and squeeze the South by blockading the
Souths ports and capturing the Mississippi River which would cut
the South in half King Cotton- Southern cotton was important in the
world market because the South grew most of the cotton for Europes
textile mills.
Slide 24
II.Life in the Army A. Find Out 1.Who joined the armies
2.Describe military training and supplies of the era 3.Summarize
the hardships of army life 4.Identify changes in military
technology
Slide 25
The North expected a quick victory when they clashed with
Confederates at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861.
Afterwards, the North realized that the war was not going to be as
quick as they thought.
Slide 26
B.Those Who Fought 1. Majority between 18-30 2. Farmers were
largest group 3. Many immigrants served 4. African Americans 5.
Native Americans 6. 2 million served in Union 7. Fewer than 1
million in Confederacy
Slide 27
C.Turning Civilians into Soldiers 1. Army camps looked like a
sea of canvas tents 2. Grouped by company with 2-20 men in a tent
3. Men elected their company officers 4. Followed routine after
roll call and breakfast a. Drills b. Guard duty, cut wood, dug
trenches, cleaned up the camp
Slide 28
Civil War camps often looked like a sea of canvas tents. Life
in the camps was often difficult and demanding.
Slide 29
Soldiers take time for a picture during a lull in the
fighting.
Slide 30
Not all their time was spent fighting. This is a company of
soldiers.
Slide 31
5. Uniforms a. Union-blue b. Confederates- gray or yellowish-
brown c. Both sides faced shortages of uniforms that fit properly
and often traded d. Confederate troops often marched over frozen
ground with no shoes
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6. Union clothing often poor quality 7. Confederates differed
from state to state 8. Took clothes off the dead soldiers 9. Food
consisted of beef or salt pork, flour, vegetables, and coffee but
supply trains often couldnt reach battlefield and soldiers went
hungry D. Hardships of Army Life 1. Camps were unsanitary and
smelled 2. Soldiers were filthy-lice and fleas 3. Poor hygiene
resulted in widespread sickness 4. Unclean instruments of doctors
caused disease
Slide 33
E.Changes in Military Technology 1. Rifles with grooved barrels
2. Rifles with mini balls 3. Ironclad ships Both sides Wooden ships
covered in iron
Slide 34
Lead mini balls changed battle field tactics because they could
shoot more accurately than round balls. When they entered the body
they flattened out which caused more serious damage to the body.
More soldiers died from infections after being shot than by the
wounds themselves.
Slide 35
Slide 36
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Slide 38
USS Monitor (Union) and the Merrimack (Virginia) squared off in
the first ironclad battle on March 9, 1862, off the coast of
Virginia. The battle ended in a stalemate.
Slide 39
1. Who fought Most soldiers were between 18-30 but some were
younger and some older. Farmers make up the largest group.
Immigrants, such as Germans and Irish, served. At the beginning
neither the North nor the South allowed African Americans to serve,
but eventually they did serve for the North. About 2 million served
for the North and 1 million for the South. Most were volunteers. 2.
How they were trained A typical camp looked like a sea of canvass
tents, which were grouped by company and held 2-20 men. A soldiers
followed a set schedule. After breakfast and roll call, soldiers
had drill sessions. In between drills and meals, soldiers performed
guard duty, cut wood for camp fires, dug trenches for latrines, and
cleaned up the camp. 3. What hardships they endured Soldiers were
often wet, muddy, or cold from marching outdoors and living in
crude shelters. Many camps were unsanitary and smelled of odors
from the garbage and latrines. Soldiers were filthy, and their
bodies and clothes became infested with lice and fleas. Sickness
was widespread, such as chronic diarrhea or other intestinal
disorders. 4. How new technology affected soldiers Rifles using
mini balls could shoot from a greater distance and with more
accuracy. Ironclad ships were a vast improvement over wooden ships.
A. Taking Notes As you read about the lives of ordinary soldiers,
make notes about daily life in the military during the Civil
War.
Slide 40
B. Summarizing On the back of this paper, briefly identify each
of the following. Monitor and Merrimack- In the first ironclad
battle, the Confederate Virginia (originally named the Merrimack)
battled the Union Monitor off the coast of Virginia in March of
1862. After hammering away for about four hours, The battle ended
in a draw. rifle- a gun with a grooved barrel that allows the
bullet to spin through the air, giving it greater accuracy and
distance. mini ball- a bullet with a hollow base that expands upon
firing to fit the grooves of the barrel. Rifles with Mini balls
could shoot farther and more accurately than old-fashioned
muskets.
Slide 41
III.No End in Sight A. Find Out 1. Analyze the Union victories
in the South 2. Explain how the fall of New Orleans helped the
Union 3. Analyze Lees victories in the East and his decision to
invade the North 4. Describe the Battle of Antietam
Slide 42
Slide 43
B.Union Victories in the West 1.February of 1862 2.Ulysses S.
Grant moves on Tennessee 3.Uses ironclad gunboats 4.Captures two
Confederate river forts a. Fort Henry on the Tennessee River b.
Fort Donelson on the Cumberland 5.Opened up river highway into the
heart of the South 6. Grants army moved onto Nashville
Slide 44
By taking Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Grant opened the South
for Union victories through river travel.
Slide 45
C.The Battle of Shiloh (Place of Peace) 1.Confederate commander
Albert S. Johnston moved troops to Corinth, MS 2.Grant moved his
troops to Pittsburg Landing in Tennessee 3.Johnstons army surprised
Grants troops at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee 4.Fiercest
fighting of war 5.Heavy casualties a. 13,000 Union b. 11,000
Confederate 6. Lincoln says he cant replace Grant 7.Considered a
Union victory
Slide 46
Slide 47
D.The Fall of New Orleans 1.April 25, 1862, Union fleet led by
David Farragut captured New Orleans 2.Largest city in the South
3.Rebel gunboats tried to ram Union warships, sinking one 4.Dodge
burning rafts 5.Left only 150 miles of Mississippi in Confederate
hands
Slide 48
After capturing New Orleans in 1862, only 150 miles of the
Mississippi remained in Union hands.
Slide 49
E.Lee Claims Victories in the East 1. Spring 1862 Gen.
McClellan (Union) decides to capture Richmond 2. Took troops in
stretch of land between York and James Rivers, a few miles within
Richmond 3. Jeb Stuart and Calvary surveys Union army 4. Robert E.
Lee attacked McClellans army 5. Seven Days Battles Confederate
victory 6. June 25 to July 1, 1862 7. Forced McClellan to retreat
and saved Richmond
Slide 50
8. 2 nd Battle of Bull Run in August, 1862 9. Another
Confederate victory F.Lee Invades the North 1. Crucial time with
North at low point 2. Crossed Potomac and invaded Maryland in early
September of 1862 3. Hoped victory in the North might get Lincoln
to talk peace 4. Might convince France and Britain to aid South if
they won a victory
Slide 51
G.Bloody Antietam 1. Union soldier finds battle plans 2. Gave
McClellan a chance to stop Lee 3. McClellan moved slowly again 4.
Armies clashed on September 17,1862 5. Sharpsburg, MD, at Antietam
Creek 6. Bloodiest single day battle in American history 7. Neither
side gained much ground 8. 25,000 casualties 9. Lee lost 1/3 of
fighting force and withdrew to Virginia 10. McClellan didnt follow
and was fired
Slide 52
7 Facts About Antietam Antietam was the bloodiest single-day
battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. This was
a two to one battle with Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia
having approximately 45,00 troops to Union Army Maj. Gen. George B.
McClellans 90,000 troops. General Lees battle plans were known in
advance. Two Union soldiers (Corporal Barton W. Mitchell and First
Sergeant John M. Bloss of the 27th Indiana Volunteer Infantry)
discovered a mislaid copy of Lees detailed battle plans-Special
Order 191- wrapped around three cigars. McClellan delayed acting on
this knowledge 18 hours, thus losing the opportunity laid at his
feet. McClellen was a poor leader during this battle, issuing
isolated commands to each unit, causing chaos during the execution
of said plans. The battle began at 5:30 AM (Dawn) on September 17,
1862, and lasted until 5:30 PM that day. The Union had 12,401
casualties with 2,108 dead. Confederate casualties were 10,318 with
1,546 dead. President Lincoln was disappointed in McClellans
performance. He believed that McClellans cautious and poorly
coordinated actions in the field had forced the battle to a draw
rather than a crippling Confederate defeat. Lincoln relieved
McClellan of his command of the Army of the Potomac on November 7
after repeated demands that he do his job effectively and bravely,
effectively ending the generals military career.
Slide 53
Slide 54
Lincoln was so fed up with McClellan failing to go on the
offensive that he fired him after the Battle of Antietam when
McClellan didnt follow Lees army into Virginia.
Slide 55
1. What victories did the Union win? In the West General Grant
used ironclad boats to capture Fort Henry on the Tennessee River
and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. Soon after, Nashville was
captured. The Confederates retreated to Corinth, MS, and surprised
Union forces near the Shiloh Church. The Union won but both sides
suffered heavy casualties. In the spring of 1862, Union forces
captured New Orleans. Sept. 17, 1862-Battle of Antietam 2. What
victories did the Confederacy win? In the spring of 1862, General
McClellan made a move to capture Richmond. The Seven Days Battle
ended with a Confederate victory between June 25-July 1 of 1862.
The South won the Second Battle of Bull Run, ending the Union
threat in Virginia. General Lee decided to invade Maryland in
September of 1862. The two sides met at Antietam Creek without a
clear victory but heavy casualties on both sides. A.Summarizing As
you read about the ongoing Civil War, summarize the victories won
by each side.
Slide 56
Head of Union Forces Head of Confederate Forces Outcome of the
Battle Important Facts 1. ShilohGeneral Grant General William
Tecumseh Sherman General Albert S. Johnston General Pierre
Beauregard Union forces won after a surprise attack. Both sides
suffered huge casualties. 13,000 Union casualties 11,000
Confederate casualties Union brought up fresh troops during night
time thunderstorm 2. AntietamGeneral George McClellan General
Robert E. Lee Neither side won a clear victory. It was the
bloodiest single day battle in the history of the U.S 25,000 dead
or wounded Lee lost 1/3 of his force McClellan failed to follow
Lee
Slide 57
C. Finding Main Ideas On the back of this paper, briefly
explain the Seven Days Battles and who Ulysses S. Grant was. Seven
Days Battles- a week long battle fought between June 25 and July 1,
1862. The Confederate army suffered heavier losses but forced
McClellan to retreat Ulysses S. Grant- a Union general who headed
the army in the western theater of the war. Grant had failed at
many things in civilian life but turned out to be a brilliant
general who had one simple strategy: Find out where your enemy is,
get at him as soon as you can, strike at him as hard as you can,
and keep moving on.