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7/31/2019 Chapter 17-Civil Rights Movement Part I
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Plessy V. Ferguson, 1896Separate, but equal Supreme
Court decisionBlacks had to use separate
bathrooms, schools, railroad
cars, etcAllowed services to be separate
as long as they were equal
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Changes in the Law 1938- Supreme Court began to narrow
the separate, but equal ideal
equal was supposed to mean equal
1944, 1947, 1953- Supreme Court decisionsdeclared that the laws that kept blacks
from voting in Democratic primariesviolated the 14th Amendment
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Changes in the Law1950- Supreme Court ruled that a
black law school in Texas wasnot equal to the University ofTexas Law School
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Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas 1953- Ike
appointed Earl
Warren (formergovernor ofCalifornia) as
Chief Justice ofthe SupremeCourt
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Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, KansasBrown v. Board of Education, 1954
Unanimous Supreme Court decision
ordered that public schools could not beseparated by race
Created integration of blacks and whites inpublic schools
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The South Resists 1955- Supreme Court ordered that the
integration of schools was to go forward
with all deliberate speedMarch 1956- Southern Congressmen
created the Southern Manifesto
Attacked the Supreme Court decision Promised to reverse the decision as they
claimed that it was unconstitutional
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The South Resists 1957- Little Rock, Arkansas school boardmoved to integrate their high schools
The day before school opened, Governor OrvalFaubus called the National Guard to surroundCentral High, declaring "blood would run in thestreets" if blacks students attempted to enter
Federal judge ordered the National Guard to be
removedWhite mob stopped the black students from
entering the school this time
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The Little Rock Nine Seventeen African
American studentswere selected to attend
the all white CentralHigh School in 1957but by opening day thenumber had dwindled
to nine
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Federal Government Intervenes President Eisenhower called in the National
Guard once again, but this time under federalservice
Governor Faubus could not block the decision
President Eisenhower then sent in 1,000paratroopers (101st Airborne) and opened the
schools 1958- Governor Faubus closed the schools for the
entire year to prevent integration
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Rosa Parks 1955 - Rosa Parks was
arrested for not givingup her seat on a bus to
a white man inMontgomery, AL
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MLK, Jr.
Nonviolent Protest Martin Luther King, Jr. decided to take up the
issue of Civil Rights through non-violent protest
Methods used by Thoreau and Gandhi
MLK, Jr. advised blacks to boycott the buses inMontgomery, AL
The desired effect was achieved as the bus company
almost bankrupted By 1960- many blacks adopted this policy to fight
against segregation
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New Civil Rights Laws 1957- Ike administration passed the first
Civil Rights Act since the Reconstruction
Allowed the Justice Dept. the right to bringsuits on behalf of blacks who were deniedthe right to vote
Significant in that both Republicans andDemocrats helped to pass it (headed bySenate leader Lyndon B. Johnson)
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New Civil Rights Laws1960- another Civil Rights billwas passed with bipartisansupport to aid blacks with theirright to vote
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1960 Presidential ElectionBoth Republicans
and Democrats
supporteddesegregationwithin their
platforms for thepresidentialelection
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JFK and Civil Rights 1962- JFK signed into law a bill that would
desegregate public housing projects supported byfederal money
JFK created a Committee on Equal EmploymentOpportunity
Oversight committee for employers who workedwith the government
JFK appointed RFK to aid blacks in their ability tovote in the Deep South
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JFK and Civil RightsJFK appointed African-Americans Carl Rowan as ambassador to Finland
Andrew Hacker as associate press secretary
Thurgood Marshall as judge of a US Court ofAppeals
JFK attempted to create a Department of Urban
Affairs Rejected by Congress
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JFK and Civil Rights 1961- freedom
riders rode buses toprotest segregationin bus stations
But
Buses were attacked
and burned by whiterioters
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JFK and Civil Rights Fall 1962- JamesMeredith attempted toenroll at the University
of Mississippi but wasblocked by GovernorRoss Barnett
Meredith was finally
allowed to enroll whichresulted in riots
JFK sent in federaltroops to quiet the riots
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JFK and Civil Rights1963- blacks protested civil rightsabuses by conducting sit-ins which
resulted in desegregation of lunchcounters, hotels, and theaters in300 cities throughout the South
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JFK and Civil Rights 1963- MLK, Jr. and his Southern ChristianLeadership Conference (SCLC) worked to endsegregation in Birmingham, Alabama throughnon-violent protest
Birmingham police reacted with electric cattleprods, dogs, and fire hoses
Birmingham erupted into violence
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JFK and Civil Rights June 1963- AlabamaGovernor GeorgeWallace prevented twoAfrican-Americans from
attending the Universityof Alabama Stated that Alabama
would promisesegregation today,tomorrow, and forever
Eventually, Wallaceallowed the students toattend because ofpressure from JFK
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JFK and Civil RightsJune 1963- Medgar
Evers (head of theMississippi NAACP)
was murdered outsidehis home
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JFK and Civil Rights 1963- JFK sent a bill to Congress that wouldpresent huge civil rights progress
Bayard Rustin organized a march on Washington,
D.C. to persuade Congress to pass the new civilrights bill 200,000 freedom marchers gathered in front of
the Lincoln Memorial
MLK, Jr. delivered his I Have a Dream speech
MahaliaJackson led the crowd in singing WeShall Overcome Anthem of the civil right movement
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