Chapter 17: Classification

Biodiversity

• The variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems

Taxonomy

• Taxonomy – science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

• Taxon – particular group within a taxonomic system

Criteria for classificationCellular structure: prokaryote vs. eukaryote

Methods of obtaining nutrients: autotroph vs. heterotroph

Metabolism: aerobic vs. anaerobic

Comparative anatomy: homologous structures

Embryologic development: similar development stages

Biochemistry: protein structures, base sequencing of the nucleic

acids, DNA & RNA

Carolus Linnaeus – created original system of classification in the mid 1700s

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Do kings play chess on fuzzy green stools?

Scientific Name

- Binomial nomenclature: two-part name1) Genus (capitilized, italicized)

2) species (lowercase, italicized)- same in all countries, unlike

common name- LatinEx: scientific name - Panthera tigris common name – tiger

Classification of Humans

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Verbrata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primates

Family:Hominidae

Genus: Homo

Species: Sapiens

Branches of Taxonomy

1) Traditional Taxonomy-Linnaean system

• use form and structure• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum etc.

2) Systematics• Use phylogenetics- anaylsis of evolutionary history• Use homologous structures, embryological development, DNA,RNA,

and fossils• Phylogenic Diagram-representation of classification

Taxonomy branches cont.

3) CladisticsUse Shared Characteristics and Derived characteristics• Shared characteristics-a feature that all members of a

group have in common• Derived characteristics- is a feature that evolved only

within the group under

Create Cladograms- representation of classification

THREE DOMAINS

1) Bacteria – small single celled prokaryotic organisms, cell wall contains peptidoglycans, cell membrane contains fatty acids

2) Archaea – small single celled prokaryotic organisms, cell wall LACKS peptidoglycans, cell membrane contains fatty acids and other hydrocarbons

3) Eukarya – large, true nucleus (membrane-bound), complex cellular organelles(membrane bound). Includes plants, animals, fungi, and protista (some single-celled organisms)

SIX KINGDOMS

DOMAIN BACTERIA

1) Kingdom Eubacteria

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

2) Kingdom Archaebacteria

DOMAIN EUKARYA

3) Kingdom Protista

4) Kingdom Fungi

5) Kingdom Plantae

6) Kingdom Animalia

http://tolweb.org/tree/

1. Kingdom Eubacteria“True Bacteria”

• Prokaryotes• Unicellular• No true nucleus• Autotrophs: Photosynthesizers &

chemosynthesizers • Heterotrophs• ex. E. Coli • Oldest known fossils

2. Kingdom Archaebacteria“Ancient Bacteria”

• Prokaryotes• Unicellular• No true nucleus• Autotrophs: chemosynthesizers

Heterotrophs:• ex. Acidophiles or methanogens• Not considered bacteria• Found in harsh environments such

as sulfurous hot springs, deep-sea thermal vents, and salty lakes

3. Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotes

• True Nucleus

• most unicellular, some simple multicellular

• heterotrophic & autotrophic (photosynthesis)

• ex. Algae, ameoba, paramecium

4. Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryotes• True Nucleus• Unicellular &

multicellular• heterotrophic• ex. Mushrooms,

rusts, mildew, molds

5. Kingdom Plantae

• Eukaryotes

• Multicellular

• Autotrophic-photosynthesis

• Cell specialization(tissues & organs)

• ex. Ferns, trees, mosses

6. Kingdom Animalia• Eukaryotes

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic

• Most are motile

• ex. Whales, insects, birds, etc…

Zorse