Chapter 17: Daily Life Chapter 17: Daily Life in the Gilded Agein the Gilded AgeEntertainment, the Growth of Entertainment, the Growth of

Schools and Universities, Schools and Universities, African American African American

Discrimination and the Plessy Discrimination and the Plessy V. Ferguson DecisionV. Ferguson Decision

Street Gangs in New York City at the Street Gangs in New York City at the Turn of the CenturyTurn of the Century

Objectives for Chapter 17Objectives for Chapter 17 Find what forms of Entertainment that the U.S. Find what forms of Entertainment that the U.S.

people found in the late 1800’s and early 1900’speople found in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s Determine why and how the school system became Determine why and how the school system became

standard for the average student through looking standard for the average student through looking at the statistical increases in enrollment within at the statistical increases in enrollment within public schools.public schools.

Discover the first Universities and Colleges that Discover the first Universities and Colleges that were opened to females and African Americans.were opened to females and African Americans.

Draw Conclusions upon what the Jim Crow Laws Draw Conclusions upon what the Jim Crow Laws were and how they were made completely were and how they were made completely permissible by the Plessy V. Ferguson Supreme permissible by the Plessy V. Ferguson Supreme Court Decision in 1896.Court Decision in 1896.

Research the N.A.A.C.P. and two important African Research the N.A.A.C.P. and two important African American figures- Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. American figures- Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois, and find their differing beliefs upon what DuBois, and find their differing beliefs upon what African Americans need to do to better themselves.African Americans need to do to better themselves.

Entertainment in the Gilded AgeEntertainment in the Gilded Age

Gilded Age Entertainment- BaseballGilded Age Entertainment- Baseball

Sports of the late 1800’sSports of the late 1800’s Baseball- developed during the Baseball- developed during the

Civil War, perhaps with the help of Civil War, perhaps with the help of Abner Doubleday, a Union General, Abner Doubleday, a Union General, as the story tells. After the Civil as the story tells. After the Civil War, the sport went mainstream in War, the sport went mainstream in society as Firefighting companies society as Firefighting companies and Teachers, and Police corps and Teachers, and Police corps had their own teams. Eventually had their own teams. Eventually larger teams were created larger teams were created representing an entire city, the representing an entire city, the first professional team being the first professional team being the Cincinnati Reds. From the 1940’s Cincinnati Reds. From the 1940’s onto 1950, African Americans were onto 1950, African Americans were segregated out of the pros until segregated out of the pros until Jackie Robinson was signed and Jackie Robinson was signed and became a star with the Brooklyn became a star with the Brooklyn DodgersDodgers

Sports of the late 1800’sSports of the late 1800’s

Women started Figure Skating as a Women started Figure Skating as a sport, along with bicycling, and sport, along with bicycling, and basketballbasketball

-James Naismith created Basketball -James Naismith created Basketball in 1891 as a sport that would allow in 1891 as a sport that would allow his gym class to stay in shape during his gym class to stay in shape during winter, Walter Camp took rugby and winter, Walter Camp took rugby and created football in the 1880’screated football in the 1880’s

Schooling during the Civil WarSchooling during the Civil War By the time of the Civil By the time of the Civil

War, more than half of War, more than half of American children American children attended public schools attended public schools and public schools were and public schools were an attraction for an attraction for immigrants as they immigrants as they were an opportunity for were an opportunity for a free education, which a free education, which they were not offered in they were not offered in their former countries.their former countries.

In 1870, only 2 percent In 1870, only 2 percent of all 17 year-olds had of all 17 year-olds had graduated from high graduated from high school or were still school or were still enrolled and on the path enrolled and on the path of graduation.of graduation.

How did America begin requiring How did America begin requiring students to attend school?students to attend school?

In order to protect children from In order to protect children from dangerous workplaces and also encourage dangerous workplaces and also encourage education, 32 of the 42 U.S. states by education, 32 of the 42 U.S. states by 1900 had required children from age 8 to 1900 had required children from age 8 to 14 to attend school. 14 to attend school.

By 1910, more than 60 percent of By 1910, more than 60 percent of American children now attended school American children now attended school and more that a million students were and more that a million students were enrolled in high schools.enrolled in high schools.

Even some immigrant adults attended Even some immigrant adults attended school in order to learn English and Civics, school in order to learn English and Civics, in order to be able to become U.S. citizens. in order to be able to become U.S. citizens. These adults would attend during the These adults would attend during the nighttime.nighttime.

African American Heroes- Booker T. WashingtonAfrican American Heroes- Booker T. Washington

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Born into Slavery in 1856Born into Slavery in 1856 became free following the Civil War and later attended became free following the Civil War and later attended

Hampton Institute in Virginia in 1872. Hampton Institute in Virginia in 1872. He later went on to help create his own institution He later went on to help create his own institution

named Tuskegee Institute, which he founded in named Tuskegee Institute, which he founded in Alabama in 1881 and became the first president of. Alabama in 1881 and became the first president of.

Booker T. Washington’s beliefs were that African Booker T. Washington’s beliefs were that African Americans had to better themselves with education and Americans had to better themselves with education and then go on to economic prosperity before they could then go on to economic prosperity before they could gain political power. gain political power.

Statement from Booker T. Washington: “To those of my Statement from Booker T. Washington: “To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition… I would race who depend on bettering their condition… I would say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’- cast it say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’- cast it down… in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in down… in agriculture, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions… No race can domestic service, and in the professions… No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem…. In all things that tilling a field as in writing a poem…. In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”progress.”

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois Born in Massachusetts, DuBois became the first African Born in Massachusetts, DuBois became the first African

American to gain a Ph.D. from Harvard. American to gain a Ph.D. from Harvard. He taught economics, history, and sociology at Atlanta He taught economics, history, and sociology at Atlanta

University and helped found the Niagara Movement, University and helped found the Niagara Movement, which was a group of African Americans that pushed for which was a group of African Americans that pushed for full civil liberties and an end to racial discrimination.full civil liberties and an end to racial discrimination.

W.E.B. DuBois did not agree with Washington and he W.E.B. DuBois did not agree with Washington and he believed that the smartest and most educated African believed that the smartest and most educated African Americans needed to step forward and lead other Americans needed to step forward and lead other African Americans in the fight for civil liberties and African Americans in the fight for civil liberties and rights. He did not believe that it was okay for African rights. He did not believe that it was okay for African Americans to just go into any job, they had to attain Americans to just go into any job, they had to attain great and respectable jobs, not farmers or factory great and respectable jobs, not farmers or factory workers but doctors, professors, lawyers. workers but doctors, professors, lawyers.

DuBois attempted to encourage African Americans to DuBois attempted to encourage African Americans to take pride in their heritage and strive for more in take pride in their heritage and strive for more in writings such as writings such as The Souls of Black FolksThe Souls of Black Folks

DuBois later became the publications director for the DuBois later became the publications director for the NAACP and became a leader in this organization and NAACP and became a leader in this organization and the African American struggle for civil libertiesthe African American struggle for civil liberties

Discrimination following Discrimination following ReconstructionReconstruction

Despite the fact that most African Despite the fact that most African Americans attempted to better Americans attempted to better themselves in schools, which was themselves in schools, which was the advice of Booker T. the advice of Booker T. Washington, the voting Washington, the voting restrictions made it impossible for restrictions made it impossible for most African Americans to vote in most African Americans to vote in the South after 1870 due to the the South after 1870 due to the Poll Tax and then the Grandfather Poll Tax and then the Grandfather Clause. Amazingly, the Southern Clause. Amazingly, the Southern states were allowed to keep their states were allowed to keep their Poll Taxes and Grandfather Poll Taxes and Grandfather Clauses as law until the 24th Clauses as law until the 24th Amendment was passed in 1962 Amendment was passed in 1962 outlawing poll taxes and outlawing poll taxes and Grandfather Clauses were Grandfather Clauses were outlawed by the Supreme Court outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1915.in 1915.

Discrimination following Discrimination following ReconstructionReconstruction

Other than voting Other than voting restrictions, Southern restrictions, Southern states began placing Jim states began placing Jim Crow laws on public Crow laws on public facilities and private facilities and private facilities. This Jim Crow facilities. This Jim Crow law was named after a law was named after a popular African popular African American song and American song and dance routine and dance routine and became a form of legal became a form of legal segregation after the segregation after the Plessy V. Ferguson Plessy V. Ferguson decision backed them in decision backed them in 1896.1896.

Plessy V. FergusonPlessy V. Ferguson In 1890, the State of Louisiana had In 1890, the State of Louisiana had

passed a law that required separate passed a law that required separate accommodations for blacks and whites accommodations for blacks and whites on railroads, including separate railway on railroads, including separate railway cars. Concerned, several black and cars. Concerned, several black and white citizens in New Orleans formed white citizens in New Orleans formed an association dedicated to the repeal an association dedicated to the repeal of that law. They persuaded Homer of that law. They persuaded Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African, to Plessy, who was one-eighth African, to test it. In 1892, Plessy purchased a test it. In 1892, Plessy purchased a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railway from New Orleans. Once he Railway from New Orleans. Once he had boarded the train, Plessy informed had boarded the train, Plessy informed the train conductor of his actual racial the train conductor of his actual racial lineage, and after Plessy had taken a lineage, and after Plessy had taken a seat in the whites section he was asked seat in the whites section he was asked to vacate it and sit instead in the to vacate it and sit instead in the "blacks only" section. Plessy refused "blacks only" section. Plessy refused and was immediately arrested.and was immediately arrested.

Plessy V. FergusonPlessy V. Ferguson Eventually the case made its path to Eventually the case made its path to

the U.S. Supreme Court. Plessy built his the U.S. Supreme Court. Plessy built his case on from abridging the "privileges case on from abridging the "privileges and immunities" of United States and immunities" of United States citizens, or denying those citizens due citizens, or denying those citizens due process or the equal protection of the process or the equal protection of the law. Albion Tourgee, a lawyer law. Albion Tourgee, a lawyer representing Plessy, argued that the representing Plessy, argued that the Louisiana railroad segregation law Louisiana railroad segregation law implied the inferiority of African-implied the inferiority of African-Americans. The Supreme Court went Americans. The Supreme Court went on to decide that separate facilities on to decide that separate facilities were acceptable as long as the facilities were acceptable as long as the facilities are equal in quality, upholding the are equal in quality, upholding the beliefs of many white southerners. beliefs of many white southerners.

Plessy V. FergusonPlessy V. Ferguson The Backlash from the Plessy v. The Backlash from the Plessy v.

Ferguson decision made it so that Ferguson decision made it so that schools, dining areas, bathrooms, schools, dining areas, bathrooms, water fountains, railroad cars, water fountains, railroad cars, public parks, hospitals, theaters, public parks, hospitals, theaters, and many other facilities were and many other facilities were made separate in society.made separate in society.

The Plessy V. Ferguson decision The Plessy V. Ferguson decision was not reversed until the Brown was not reversed until the Brown V. Board of Education decision in V. Board of Education decision in 1954, where it was decided by the 1954, where it was decided by the Supreme Court that Separate Supreme Court that Separate definitely was not equal. definitely was not equal.