CHAPTER 17

NUTRITION DURING THE GROWING YEARS

LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Describe normal growth and development during infancy, childhood and adolescence and the effect of nutrition on growth and development• Compare the calorie and nutrient needs of

infants, children and adolescents• Compare the nutritional qualities of human milk

and infant formula

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Explain the rationale-from the standpoint of both nutrition and physical development-for the delay in feeding infants solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age• Describe the recommended rate and

sequence for introducing solid foods into an infant’s diet• Discuss the factors that affect the food

intake of infants and adolescents3

LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Describe the potential nutrition-related problems that may occur during the growing years and their impact on future health

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PHYSICAL GROWTH

• Tracking Growth• Percentile Curves

• Using Growth Chart Information• Failure to Thrive• Physical abnormalities• Nutrition problems• Feeding problems

• Height ends when epiphyses fuse

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MACRONUTRIENT NEEDS• Energy• Infant: 50 kcal/pound• 2-3 months old to age 3: 43 kcal/pound• By age 15 it is 16 kcal/pound

• Protein• Infant: 1.5 g/kg• Childhood and adolescence: lower than infants, but

still 20-40% higher than adults

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MACRONUTRIENT NEEDS• Fat • 40-55% of baby’s caloric intake• Higher needs because of brain development• Recommendations to prevent heart disease DO

NOT APPLY to those under 2 years old• Carbohydrate• Mostly lactose at first• After age 1 fiber intakes tend to be too low

• Water• Higher needs by body weight• Infants usually get all needs from formula or milk• No cow milk until age 1

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NUTRIENT NEEDS

• Vitamins and Minerals• Iron: 4-6 months iron stores depleted• Calcium: age 9-18 critical time• Fluoride: supplement if low amounts in water• Zinc: caution if low meat intake• Vitamin D: supplement may be needed in breast fed

babies• Vitamin K: given at birth to ensure normal blood

clotting

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DO KIDS NEED VITAMINS?

• Vitamin K• In some cases iron, D, fluoride, B12• Important to evaluate diet• Will not replace a healthy diet!

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Sucrose, Invert Sugar, Artificial and Natural Flavors, Niacinamide, FD&C Red #40 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Yellow #6 Aluminum Lake, Magnesium Stearate, FD&C Blue #2 Aluminum Lake

FEEDING BABIES: HUMAN MILK AND FORMULA

• Nutritional Quality of Human Milk• Hindmilk versus fore milk

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COMPARING HUMAN MILK AND FORMULA

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Other: Health benefits, cost, convenience and bonding

COMPARING HUMAN MILK AND FORMULA

• Feeding Technique• Babies need 2-3 ounces every 2-4 hours• Monitor diapers

• Preparing Bottles• Mix formula correctly• Can refrigerate for 1 day, breast milk can be frozen for 6

months• Don’t microwave• Always throw away leftover milk or formula

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FEEDING BABIES: ADDING SOLID FOODS

• When to introduce solids?• ~6 months old• Nutritional need• Physiological capability• Physical ability• Control head movement and sit alone with support• Extrusion reflex weakens• Chewing motion

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ADDING SOLID FOODS

• Rate and sequence for introducing solid foods• One food at a time• Iron fortified cereal is usually first• Foods to avoid (honey, cow milk, nuts)

• Weaning from breast or bottle• Use of a cup

• Learning to self feed

18http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-start-your-baby-eating-dry-solid-food-394153/

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CHILDREN AS EATERS

• Appetites• When, what and how much to serve• Food preferences• Meal time challenges• “Picky eaters”• Food jags

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TEENAGE EATING PATTERNS

• Factors Affecting Teens’ Food Choices• Body image• Athletics and physical performance

• Helping Teens Eat More Nutritious Foods

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POTENTIAL NUTRITION-RELATED PROBLEMS OF THE GROWING YEARS

Babies

• Gastroesphogeal reflux• Milk allergy• Constipation• Diarrhea• Ear infection• Dental caries

Adolescents

• Early childhood dental caries• Obesity• Hyperactivity• Acne• Teen-age pregnancy

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