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CHAPTER 17 OXIDATION-REDUCTION SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Oxidation of a metal occurs when the metal loses electrons. The easier it is for a metal to lose electrons, the more active the metal is. 2. (a) Iodine is oxidized. Its oxidation number increases from 0 to (b) Chlorine is reduced. Its oxidation number decreases from 0 to 3. The higher metal on the list is more reactive. (a) Al (b) Ba (c) Ni 4. If the free element is higher on the list than the ion with which it is paired, the reaction occurs. (a) Yes. (b) No reaction (c) Yes. (d) No reaction (e) Yes. (f) No reaction (g) Yes. (h) Yes. 5. Copper is more active than silver. Therefore, copper undergoes oxidation more easily than silver. Accordingly, it is more difficult for copper ion to undergo reduction than it is for silver ion. When a silver wire is placed in a solution of copper (II) nitrate one might predict that copper crystals would form on the silver wire. However for copper to go from an oxidation state of to an oxidation state of 0 it would have to gain electrons (reduction) and silver would have to lose electrons (oxidation). This will not happen because copper is more active than silver. 6. (a) (b) Al is above Fe in the activity series, which indicates Al is more active than Fe. (c) No. Iron is less active than aluminum and will not displace aluminum from its compounds. (d) Yes. Aluminum is above chromium in the activity series and will displace from its compounds. Cr 3+ 2 Al + Fe 2 O 3 ¡ Al 2 O 3 + 2 Fe + Heat + 2 2 Al(s) + 3 CuSO 4 (aq) ¡ Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + 3 Cu(s) Ni(s) + Hg(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) ¡ Ni(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + Hg(l) Ba(s) + FeCl 2 (aq) ¡ BaCl 2 (aq) + Fe(s) Sn(s) + 2 Ag + (aq) ¡ Sn 2+ (aq) + 2 Ag(s) Zn(s) + Cu 2+ (aq) ¡ Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu(s) - 1. + 5. - 256 - HEINS17-256-283v3.qxd 12/27/06 2:48 PM Page 256
Transcript
Page 1: CHAPTER 17 OXIDATION-REDUCTIONfaculty.chemeketa.edu/lemme/CH 121/solutions/Hein9thCh17.pdf · CHAPTER 17 OXIDATION-REDUCTION ... ion that resulted when that atom lost or gained electrons

CHAPTER 17

OXIDATION-REDUCTION

SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Oxidation of a metal occurs when the metal loses electrons. The easier it is for a metal tolose electrons, the more active the metal is.

2. (a) Iodine is oxidized. Its oxidation number increases from 0 to

(b) Chlorine is reduced. Its oxidation number decreases from 0 to

3. The higher metal on the list is more reactive.

(a) Al (b) Ba (c) Ni

4. If the free element is higher on the list than the ion with which it is paired, the reactionoccurs.

(a) Yes.

(b) No reaction

(c) Yes.

(d) No reaction

(e) Yes.

(f) No reaction

(g) Yes.

(h) Yes.

5. Copper is more active than silver. Therefore, copper undergoes oxidation more easilythan silver. Accordingly, it is more difficult for copper ion to undergo reduction than it isfor silver ion. When a silver wire is placed in a solution of copper (II) nitrate one mightpredict that copper crystals would form on the silver wire. However for copper to go froman oxidation state of to an oxidation state of 0 it would have to gain electrons(reduction) and silver would have to lose electrons (oxidation). This will not happenbecause copper is more active than silver.

6. (a)

(b) Al is above Fe in the activity series, which indicates Al is more active than Fe.

(c) No. Iron is less active than aluminum and will not displace aluminum from itscompounds.

(d) Yes. Aluminum is above chromium in the activity series and will displace from its compounds.

Cr3+

2 Al + Fe2O3 ¡ Al2O3 + 2 Fe + Heat

+2

2 Al(s) + 3 CuSO4(aq) ¡ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 Cu(s)

Ni(s) + Hg(NO3)2(aq) ¡ Ni(NO3)2(aq) + Hg(l)

Ba(s) + FeCl2(aq) ¡ BaCl2(aq) + Fe(s)

Sn(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) ¡ Sn2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) ¡ Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

-1.

+5.

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7. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

8. The oxidation number for an atom in an ionic compound is the same as the charge of theion that resulted when that atom lost or gained electrons to form an ionic bond. In acovalently bonded compound electrons are shared between the two atoms making up thebond. Those shared electrons are assigned to the atom in the bond with a higherelectronegativity giving it a negative oxidation number.

9. In an electrolytic cell the anode is the positively charged electrode and attracts negativelycharged ions (anions). The cathode is the negatively charged electrode and attracts positivelycharge ions (cations). In a voltaic cell the anode is the negatively changed electrode whereoxidation occurs. The cathode is the positively charged electrode where reduction occurs.

10. (a) Oxidation occurs at the anode. The reaction is

(b) Reduction occurs at the cathode. The reaction is

(c) The net chemical reaction is

Ni2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) electrical

energy " Ni(s) + Cl2(g)

Ni2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Ni(s)

2 Cl-(aq) ¡ Cl2(g) + 2 e-

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ¡ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Hg(l) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ no reaction

Hg(l) + HCl(aq) ¡ no reaction

Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ¡ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ no reaction

Cu(s) + HCl(aq) ¡ no reaction

Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ¡ FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Au(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¡ no reaction

Au(s) + HCl(aq) ¡ no reaction

2 Cr(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) ¡ Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

2 Cr(s) + 6 HCl(aq) ¡ 2 CrCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

2 Al(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) ¡ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) ¡ 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

- Chapter 17 -

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11. In Figure 17.3, electrical energy is causing chemical reactions to occur. In Figure 17.4,chemical reactions are used to produce electrical energy.

12. (a) It would not be possible to monitor the voltage produced, but the reactions in thecell would still occur.

(b) If the salt bridge were removed, the reaction would stop. Ions must be mobile tomaintain an electrical neutrality of ions in solution. The two solutions would beisolated with no complete electrical circuit.

13. Oxidation and reduction are complementary processes because one does not occurwithout the other. The loss of in oxidation is accompanied by a gain of in reduction.

14. cathode reaction, reduction

anode reaction, oxidation

15. During electroplating of metals, the metal is plated by reducing the positive ions of themetal in the solution. The plating will occur at the cathode, the source of the electrons. Withan alternating current, the polarity of the electrode would be constantly changing, so at oneinstant the metal would be plating and the next instant the metal would be dissolving.

16. Since lead dioxide and lead(II) sulfate are insoluble, it is unnecessary to have salt bridgesin the cells of a lead storage battery.

17. The electrolyte in a lead storage battery is dilute sulfuric acid. In the discharge cycle,is removed from solution as it reacts with and to form and

Therefore, the electrolyte solution contains less and becomes less dense.

18. If ions are reduced to metallic mercury, this would occur at the cathode, becausereduction takes place at the cathode.

19. In both electrolytic and voltaic cells, oxidation and reduction reactions occur. In anelectrolytic cell an electric current is forced through the cell causing a chemical change tooccur. In voltaic cells, spontaneous chemical changes occur, generating an electric current.

20. In some voltaic cells, the reactants at the electrodes are in solution. For the cell to function,these reactants must be kept separated. A salt bridge permits movement of ions in the cell.This keeps the solution neutral with respect to the charged particles (ions) in the solution.

Hg2+

H2SO4H2O.PbSO4(s)H+PbO2SO4

2-,

2 Br - ¡ Br2 + 2 e-Ca2+ + 2 e- ¡ Ca

e-e-

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CHAPTER 17

SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES

1. The oxidation number of the underlined element is indicated by the number following theformula.

(a) (c) (e)

(b) (d) (f)

2. The oxidation number of the underlined element is indicated by the number following theformula.

(a) (c) (e)

(b) 0 (d) (f)

3. The oxidation number of the underlined element is indicated by the number following theformula.

(a) (c)

(b) (d)

4. The oxidation number of the underlined element is indicated by the number following theformula.

(a) 0 (c)

(b) (d)

Changing Type of5. Balanced half-reaction Element reaction

(a) Zn reduction

(b) Br oxidation

(c) Mn reduction

(d) Ni oxidation

Changing Type of6. Balanced half-reactions Element reaction

(a) S oxidation

(b) N reduction

(c) S oxidation

(d) Fe oxidationFe2+ ¡ Fe3+ + 1 e-S2O4

2- + 2 H2O ¡ 2 SO3

2- + 4 H+ + 2 e-NO3

- + 4 H+ + 3 e- ¡ NO + 2 H2O

SO3

2- + H2O ¡ SO4

2- + 2 H+ + 2 e-

Ni ¡ Ni2+ + 2 e-MnO4

- + 8 H+ + 5 e- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

2 Br - ¡ Br2 + 2 e-Zn2+ + 2 e- ¡ Zn

+5IO3

-+5AsO4

3--2Fe(OH)3O2

+3Bi3++3NO2

--1Na2O2-2S2-

+6K2Cr2O7+5KClO3I2

+6K2CrO4-3NH3+7KMnO4

-3NH4Cl+5NaNO3-1FeCl3

+4H2SO3+4PbO2+1NaCl

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7. (1)

(a) Cr is oxidized, H is reduced

(b) HCl is the oxidizing agent, Cr the reducing agent

(2)

(a) I is oxidized, S is reduced

(b) is the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent

8. (1)

(a) As is oxidized, Ag is reduced

(b) is the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent

(2)

(a) Br is oxidized, Cl is reduced

(b) is the oxidizing agent, NaBr the reducing agent

9. (a) correctly balanced

(b) correctly balanced

(c) incorrectly balanced

(d) incorrectly balanced

10. (a) incorrectly balanced

(b) correctly balanced

(c) correctly balanced

(d) incorrectly balanced

11. Balancing oxidation-reduction equations

(a)

Add half-reactions

the 2 e- cancel

Zn + S ¡ ZnS

Zn0 ¡ Zn2+ + 2 e-

S0 + 2 e- ¡ S2-

Zn + S ¡ ZnS

ox

red

8 H2O(l) + 2 MnO4

- (aq) + 7 S2-

(aq) ¡ 2 MnS(s) + 16 OH- (aq) + 5 S(s)

3 MnO2(s) + 4 Al(s) ¡ 3 Mn(s) + 2 Al2O3(s)

3 CH3OH(aq) + Cr2O7

2- (aq) + 8 H+

(aq) ¡ 2 Cr3+ (aq) + 3 CH2O(aq) + 7 H2O(l)

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ¡ Mg2+ (aq) + 2Cl-

(aq) + H2(g)

Cl2

Cl2 + NaBr ¡ NaCl + Br2

AsH3Ag+

AsH3 + Ag+ + H2O ¡ H3AsO4 + Ag + H+

I-SO4

2-

SO4

2- + I- + H+ ¡ H2S + I2 + H2O

Cr + HCl ¡ CrCl3 + H2

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(b)

Transfer the coefficients to the original equation and complete the balancingby inspection.

(c)

Transfer the coefficients to the original equation (the coefficient 2 in front ofthe becomes the subscript 2 in ). Complete the balancing byinspection.

(d)

Transfer the coefficients to the original equations and complete the balancing byinspection.

(e)

Transfer the coefficients to the original equation. The coefficient 2 in front of thebecomes the subscript 2 in the Also, 2 more ions are required to

account for the ions that do not change oxidation numbers. These 2 are partof the compound

MnO2 + 4 HBr ¡ MnBr2 + Br2 + 2 H2O

MnBr2.2 Br -

Br -Br2.Br -

Multiply by 2

Add equations and the 2 e- cancel

MnO2 + HBr ¡ MnBr2 + Br2 + H2O

Br - ¡ Br0 + 1 e-

Mn4+ + 2 e- ¡ Mn2+ Mn4+ + 2 Br - ¡ Mn2+ + 2 Br0

3 H2S + 2 HNO3 ¡ 3 S + 2 NO + 4 H2O

Multiply by 3

Multiply by 2, add, the 6 e-

H2S + HNO3 ¡ S + NO + H2O

S2- ¡ S0 + 2 e-

N5+ + 3 e- ¡ N2+ 3 S2- + 2 N5+ ¡ 3 S + 2 N2+

Fe2O3 + 3 CO ¡ 2 Fe + 3 CO2

Fe2O3Fe3+

Multiply by 3

Multiply by 2, add, the 6 e- cancel

Fe2O3 + CO ¡ Fe + CO2

C2+ ¡ C4+ + 2 e-

Fe3+ + 3 e- ¡ Fe0 3 C2+ + 2 Fe3+ ¡ 3 C4+ + 2 Fe

ox

red

2 AgNO3 + Pb ¡ Pb(NO3)2 + 2 Ag

Multiply by 2, add the half-reactions

the 2 e- cancel

AgNO3 + Pb ¡ Pb(NO3)2 + Ag

Pb0 ¡ Pb2+ + 2 e-

Ag+ + 1 e- ¡ Ag0 Pb + 2 Ag+ ¡ Pb2+ + 2 Ag

ox

red

- Chapter 17 -

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12. (a) Balancing oxidation-reduction equations

Transfer the coefficients to the original equations and complete the balancing byinspection.

(b)

Transfer the coefficients to the original equations and complete the balancing byinspection.

(c)

Transfer the coefficients to the original equations and complete the balancing byinspection.

(d)

Transfer the coefficients to the original equations and complete the balancing byinspection.

(e) H2O2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 ¡ O2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O

O2

2- ¡ O2

0 + 2 e- Multiply by 5

Mn7+ + 5 e- ¡ Mn2+ Multiply by 2, add, the 10 e - cancel

5 O2

2- + 2 Mn7+ ¡ 5 O2 + 2 Mn2+

3 PbO2 + 2 Sb + 2 NaOH ¡ 3 PbO + 2 NaSbO2 + H2O

PbO2 + Sb + NaOH ¡ PbO + NaSbO2 + H2O

Sb0 ¡ Sb3+ + 3 e- Multiply by 2

Pb4+ + 2 e- ¡ Pb2+ Multiply by 3, add, the 6 e- cancel

2 Sb + 3 Pb4+ ¡ 2 Sb3+ + 3 Pb2+

3 CuO + 2 NH3 ¡ N2 + 3 Cu + 3 H2O

Multiply by 2

Multiply by 3, add, the 6 e- cancel

CuO + NH3 ¡ N2 + Cu + H2O

N3- ¡ N0 + 3 e-

Cu2+ + 2 e- ¡ Cu0 2 N3- + 3 Cu2+ ¡ N2 + 3 Cu

3 Ag + 4 HNO3 ¡ 3 AgNO3 + NO + 2 H2O

Multiply by 3, add,

the 3 e- cancel

Ag + HNO3 ¡ AgNO3 + NO + H2O

Ag0 ¡ Ag+ + e-

N5+ + 3 e- ¡ N2+ 3 Ag + N5+ ¡ 3 Ag+ + N2+

3 Cl2 + 6 KOH ¡ KClO3 + 5 KCl + 3 H2O

Multiply by 5, add, the 5 e- cancel

6 Cl0 becomes 3 Cl2

Cl2 + KOH ¡ KCl + KClO3 + H2O

Cl0 ¡ Cl5+ + 5 e-

Cl0 + e- ¡ Cl- 3 Cl2 ¡ Cl5+ + 5 Cl-

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Transfer the coefficients to the original equations and complete the balancing byinspection.

13. (a) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 4 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons

Step 5 Add the half-reactions–electrons cancel

(b) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

2 H+ + NO3

- + e- ¡ NO2 + H2O

4 H2O + S ¡ SO4

2- + 8 H+ + 6 e-

2 H+ + NO3

- ¡ NO2 + H2O

4 H2O + S ¡ SO4

2- + 8 H+

H+H2O

NO3

- ¡ NO2

S ¡ SO4

2-

NO3

- + S ¡ NO2 + SO4

2-

10 H+ + 4 Zn + NO3

- ¡ 4 Zn2+ + NH4

+ + 3 H2O

10 H+ + NO3

- + 8 e- ¡ NH4

+ + 3 H2O

4 (Zn ¡ Zn2+ + 2 e-)

10 H+ + NO3

- + 8 e- ¡ NH4

+ + 3 H2O

Zn ¡ Zn2+ + 2 e-

10 H+ + NO3

- ¡ NH4

+ + 3 H2O

Zn ¡ Zn2+

H+H2O

NO3

- ¡ NH4

+

Zn ¡ Zn2+

Zn + NO3

- ¡ Zn2+ + NH4

+

5 H2O2 + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 ¡ 5 O2 + 2 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8 H2O

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(c) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(d) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

4H+ + NO3

- + 3 e- ¡ NO + 2 H2O

Cu ¡ Cu2+ + 2 e-

4H+ + NO3

- ¡ NO + 2 H2O

Cu ¡ Cu2+

H+H2O

NO3

- ¡ NO

Cu ¡ Cu2+

Cu + NO3

- ¡ Cu2+ + NO

2 H2O + PH3 ¡ H3PO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-

2 (I2 + 2 e- ¡ 2 I-)

PH3 + 2 H2O + 2 I2 ¡ H3PO2 + 4 I- + 4 H+

I2 + 2 e- ¡ 2 I-

2 H2O + PH3 ¡ H3PO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-

I2 ¡ 2 I-

2 H2O + PH3 ¡ H3PO2 + 4 H+

H+H2O

I2 ¡ 2I-

PH3 ¡ H3PO2

PH3 + I2 ¡ H3PO2 + I-

and 6 e- canceled from each side4 H2O, 8 H +

4 H2O + S ¡ SO4

2- + 8 H+ + 6 e-

6 (2 H+ + NO3

- + e- ¡ NO2 + H2O) 4 H+ + S + 6 NO3

- ¡ 6 NO2 + SO4

2- + 2 H2O

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Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(e) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

14. (a) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

6 H+ + ClO3

- + 6 e- ¡ Cl- + 3 H2O

2 I- ¡ I2 + 2 e-

6 H+ + ClO3

- ¡ Cl- + 3 H2O

2 I- ¡ I2

H+H2O

ClO3

- ¡ Cl-

2 I- ¡ I2

ClO3

- + I- ¡ I2 + Cl-

5 (Cl- ¡ Cl0 + e-)

6 H+ + ClO3

- + 5 e- ¡ Cl0 + 3 H2O

6 H+ + ClO3

- + 5 Cl- ¡ 3 Cl2 + 3 H2O

6 H+ + ClO3

- + 5 e- ¡ Cl0 + 3 H2O

Cl- ¡ Cl0 + e-

6 H+ + ClO3

- ¡ Cl0 + 3 H2O

Cl- ¡ Cl0H+H2O

ClO3

- ¡ Cl0Cl- ¡ Cl0

ClO3

- + Cl- ¡ Cl2

3 (Cu ¡ Cu2+ + 2 e-)

2 (4 H+ + NO3

- + 3 e- ¡ NO + 2 H2O) 3 Cu + 8 H+ + 2 NO3

- ¡ 3 Cu2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(b) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(c) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

8 H+ + MnO4

- + 5 e- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

2 H2O + SO2 ¡ SO4

2- + 4 H+ + 2 e-

8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

2 H2O + SO2 ¡ SO4

2- + 4 H+

H+H2O

MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+

SO2 ¡ SO4

2-

MnO4

- + SO2 ¡ Mn2+ + SO4

2-

6 (Fe2+ ¡ Fe3+ + e-)

14 H+ + Cr2O7

2- + 6 e- ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

14 H+ + Cr2O7

2- + 6 Fe2+ ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 6 Fe3+ + 7 H2O

14 H+ + Cr2O7

2- + 6 e- ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

Fe2+ ¡ Fe3+ + e-

14 H+ + Cr2O7

2- ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

Fe2+ ¡ Fe3+

H+H2O

Cr2O7

2- ¡ 2 Cr3+

Fe2+ ¡ Fe3+

Cr2O7

2- + Fe2+ ¡ Cr3+ + Fe3+

3 (2 I- ¡ I2 + 2 e-)

6 H+ + ClO3

- + 6 e- ¡ Cl- + 3 H2O 6 H+ + ClO3

- + 6 I- ¡ 3 I2 + Cl- + 3 H2O

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Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(d) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(e) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

14 H+ + Cr2O7

2- + 6 e- ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

H2O + H3AsO3 ¡ 2 H+ + H3AsO4 + 2 e-

14 H+ + Cr2O7

2- ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

H2O + H3AsO3 ¡ 2 H+ + H3AsO4

H+H2O

Cr2O7

2- ¡ 2 Cr3+

H3AsO3 ¡ H3AsO4

Cr2O7

2- + H3AsO3 ¡ Cr3+ + H3AsO4

5 (H2O + H3AsO3 ¡ 2 H+ + H3AsO4 + 2 e-)

2 (8 H+ + MnO4

- + 5 e- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O) 6 H+ + 5 H3AsO3 + 2 MnO4

- ¡ 5 H3AsO4 + 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O

5 H2O, 10 H+, and 10 e- canceled from each side

8 H+ + MnO4

- + 5 e- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

H2O + H3AsO3 ¡ 2 H+ + H3AsO4 + 2 e-

8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

H2O + H3AsO3 ¡ 2 H+ + H3AsO4

H+H2O

MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+

H3AsO3 ¡ H3AsO4

H3AsO3 + MnO4

- ¡ H3AsO4 + Mn2+

5 (2 H2O + SO2 ¡ SO4

2- + 4 H+ + 2 e-)

2 (8 H+ + MnO4

- + 5 e- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O) 2 H2O + 2 MnO4

- + 5 SO2 ¡ 4 H+ + 2 Mn2+ + 5 SO4

2-

8 H2O, 16 H+, and 10 e- canceled from each side

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

15. (a) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 Electron loss and gain is balanced

Step 7 Add half-reactions

(b) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

MnO4

- ¡ MnO2

ClO2

- ¡ ClO4

-

MnO4

- + ClO2

- ¡ MnO2 + ClO4

-

2 OH- + IO3

- + Cl2 ¡ IO4

- + 2 Cl- + H2O

Cl2 + 2 e- ¡ 2 Cl-

2 OH- + IO3

- ¡ IO4

- + H2O + 2 e-

Cl2 ¡ 2 Cl-

(1 H2O cancelled)2 OH- + IO3

- ¡ IO4

- + H2O

Cl2 ¡ 2 Cl-

2 OH- + H2O + IO3

- ¡ IO4

- + 2 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

Cl2 ¡ 2 Cl-

2 OH- + H2O + IO3

- ¡ IO4

- + 2 H+ + 2 OH-

H+OH-

Cl2 ¡ 2 Cl-

H2O + IO3

- ¡ IO4

- + 2 H+

H+H2O

Cl2 ¡ 2 Cl-

IO3

- ¡ IO4

-

Cl2 + IO3

- ¡ Cl- + IO4

-

3 (H2O + H3AsO3 ¡ 2 H+ + H3AsO4 + 2 e-)

14 H+ + Cr2O7

2- + 6 e- ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 8 H+ + Cr2O7

2- + 3 H3AsO3 ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 3 H3AsO4 + 4 H2O

3 H2O, 6 H+, and 6 e- canceled from each side

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Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

(c) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Se ¡ Se2-

6 OH- + 3 H2O + Se ¡ SeO3

2- + 6 H+ + 6 OH-

H+OH-

Se ¡ Se2-

3 H2O + Se ¡ SeO3

2- + 6 H+

H+H2O

Se ¡ Se2-

Se ¡ SeO3

2-

Se ¡ SeO3

2- + Se2-

3 (4 OH- + ClO2

- ¡ ClO4

- + 2 H2O + 4 e-)

4 (2 H2O + MnO4

- + 3 e- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-) 2 H2O + 4 MnO4

- + 3 ClO2

- ¡ 4 MnO2 + 3 ClO4

- + 4 OH-

6 H2O, 12 OH-, and 12 e- canceled from each side

2 H2O + MnO4

- + 3 e- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

4 OH- + ClO2

- ¡ ClO4

- + 2 H2O + 4 e-

(2 H2O cancelled)2 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

(2 H2O cancelled)4 OH- + ClO2

- ¡ ClO4

- + 2 H2O

4 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

4 OH- + 2 H2O + ClO2

- ¡ ClO4

- + 4 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

4 OH- + MnO4

- + 4 H+ ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

4 OH- + 2 H2O + ClO2

- ¡ ClO4

- + 4 H+ + 4 OH-

H+OH-

MnO4

- + 4 H+ ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2O + ClO2

- ¡ ClO4

- + 4 H+

H+H2O

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

(d) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

2 H2O + MnO4

- + 3 e- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

2 OH- + 2 Fe3O4 ¡ 3 Fe2O3 + H2O + 2 e-

(2 H2O cancelled)2 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

(1 H2O cancelled)2 OH- + 2 Fe3O4 ¡ 3 Fe2O3 + H2O

4 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

2 OH- + H2O + 2 Fe3O4 ¡ 3 Fe2O3 + 2 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

4 OH- + 4 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

2 OH- + H2O + 2 Fe3O4 ¡ 3 Fe2O3 + 2 H+ + 2 OH-

H+OH-

4 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O

H2O + 2 Fe3O4 ¡ 3 Fe2O3 + 2 H+

H+H2O

MnO4

- ¡ MnO2

2 Fe3O4 ¡ 3 Fe2O3

Fe3O4 + MnO4

- ¡ Fe2O3 + MnO2

6 OH- + Se ¡ SeO3

2- + 3 H2O + 4 e-

2 (Se + 2 e- ¡ Se2-) 6 OH- + 3 Se ¡ SeO3

2- + 2 Se2- + 3 H2O

Se + 2 e- ¡ Se2-

6 OH- + Se ¡ SeO3

2- + 3 H2O + 4 e-

(3 H2O cancelled)6 OH- + Se ¡ SeO3

2- + 3 H2O

Se ¡ Se2-

6 OH- + 3 H2O + Se ¡ SeO3

2- + 6 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

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Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

(e) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

16. (a) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

MnO4

- ¡ MnO2

SO3

2- ¡ SO4

2-

MnO4

- + SO3

2- ¡ MnO2 + SO4

2-

2 (4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H2O + 3 e-)

3 (H2O + BrO- + 2 e- ¡ Br - + 2 OH-) 2 OH- + 3 BrO- + 2 Cr(OH)4

- ¡ 3 Br - + 2 CrO4

2- + 5 H2O

3 H2O, 6 OH- and 6 e- canceled from each side

H2O + BrO- + 2 e- ¡ Br - + 2 OH-4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H2O + 3 e-

(1 H2O cancelled)H2O + BrO- ¡ Br - + 2 OH-2 H2O + BrO- ¡ Br - + H2O + 2 OH-4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+2 OH- + 2 H+ + BrO- ¡ Br - + H2O + 2 OH-4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H+ + 4 OH-H+OH-

2 H+ + BrO- ¡ Br - + H2O

Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H+H+H2O

BrO- ¡ Br -Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2-

BrO- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ Br - + CrO4

2-

3 (2 OH- + 2 Fe3O4 ¡ 3 Fe2O3 + H2O + 2 e-)

2 (2 H2O + MnO4

- + 3 e- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-) H2O + 6 Fe3O4 + 2 MnO4

- ¡ 9 Fe2O3 + 2 MnO2 + 2 OH-

3 H2O, 6 OH-, and 6 e- canceled from each side

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

(b) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

ClO2 ¡ ClO2

-

2 OH- + 4 H2O + SbO2

- ¡ Sb(OH)6

- + 2 H+ + 2 OH-

H+OH-

ClO2 ¡ ClO2

-

4 H2O + SbO2

- ¡ Sb(OH)6

- + 2 H+

H+H2O

ClO2 ¡ ClO2

-

SbO2

- ¡ Sb(OH)6

-

ClO2 + SbO2

- ¡ ClO2

- + Sb(OH)6

-

3 (2 OH- + SO3

2- ¡ SO4

2- + H2O + 2 e-)

2 (MnO4

- + 2 H2O + 3 e- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-) H2O + 2 MnO4

- + 3 SO3

2- ¡ 2 MnO2 + 3 SO4

2- + 2 OH-

3 H2O, 4 OH-, and 6 e- canceled from each side

3 e- + MnO4

- + 2 H2O ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

2 OH- + SO3

2- ¡ SO4

2- + H2O + 2 e-

(2 H2O cancelled)MnO4

- + 2 H2O ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

(1 H2O cancelled)2 OH- + SO3

2- ¡ SO4

2- + H2O

MnO4

- + 4 H2O ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

2 OH- + H2O + SO3

2- ¡ SO4

2- + 2 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

4 OH- + MnO4

- + 4 H+ ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

2 OH- + H2O + SO3

2- ¡ SO4

2- + 2 H+ + 2 OH-

H+OH-

MnO4

- + 4 H+ ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O

H2O + SO3

2- ¡ SO4

2- + 2 H+

H+H2O

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Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

(c) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

6 H2O + NO3

- + 8 e- ¡ NH3 + 9 OH-

4 OH- + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 3 e-

(3 H2O cancelled)6 H2O + NO3

- ¡ NH3 + 9 OH-

(4 H2O cancelled)4 OH- + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

-

9 H2O + NO3

- ¡ NH3 + 3 H2O + 9 OH-

4 OH- + 4 H2O + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 4 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

9 OH- + 9 H+ + NO3

- ¡ NH3 + 3 H2O + 9 OH-

4 OH- + 4 H2O + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 4 H+ + 4 OH-

H+OH-

9 H+ + NO3

- ¡ NH3 + 3 H2O

4 H2O + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 4 H+

H+H2O

NO3

- ¡ NH3

Al ¡ Al(OH)4

-

Al + NO3

- ¡ NH3 + Al(OH)4

-

2 H2O + 2 OH- + SbO2

- ¡ Sb(OH)6

- + 2 e-

2 (ClO2 + e- ¡ ClO2

-) 2 H2O + 2 ClO2 + 2 OH- + SbO2

- ¡ 2 ClO2

- + Sb(OH)6

-

ClO2 + e- ¡ ClO2

-

2 OH- + 2 H2O + SbO2

- ¡ Sb(OH)6

- + 2 e-

(2 H2O cancelled)2 OH- + 2 H2O + SbO2

- ¡ Sb(OH)6

-

ClO2 ¡ ClO2

-

2 OH- + 4 H2O + SbO2

- ¡ Sb(OH)6

- + 2 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

(d) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 and 7 Loss and gain of electrons are equal; add half-reactions

Divide equation by 2

(e) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

OH- ¡ H2

Al ¡ Al(OH)4

-

Al + OH- ¡ Al(OH)4

- + H2

4 OH- + 2 H2O + P4 ¡ 2 HPO3

2- + 2 PH3

8 OH- + 4 H2O + 2 P4 ¡ 4 HPO3

2- + 4 PH3

12 H2O + P4 + 12 e- ¡ 4 PH3 + 12 OH-

20 OH- + P4 ¡ 4 HPO3

2- + 8 H2O + 12 e-

20 OH- + P4 ¡ 4 HPO3

2- + 8 H2O (12 H2O cancelled)

12 H2O + P4 ¡ 4 PH3 + 12 OH-

20 OH- + 12 H2O + P4 ¡ 4 HPO3

2- + 20 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

12 OH- + 12 H+ + P4 ¡ 4 PH3 + 12 OH-

20 OH- + 12 H2O + P4 ¡ 4 HPO3

2- + 20 H+ + 20 OH-

H+OH-

12 H+ + P4 ¡ 4 PH3

12 H2O + P4 ¡ 4 HPO3

2- + 20 H+

H+H2O

P4 ¡ 4 PH3

P4 ¡ 4 HPO3

2-

P4 ¡ HPO3

2- + PH3

8 (4 OH- + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 3 e-)

3 (6 H2O + NO3

- + 8 e- ¡ NH3 + 9 OH-) 8 Al + 3 NO3

- + 18 H2O + 5 OH- ¡ 3 NH3 + 8 Al(OH)4

-

27 OH- and 24 e- canceled from each side

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Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as ions)

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 6 and 7 Equalize gain and loss of electrons; add half-reactions

17. (a) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

2 I- ¡ I2 + 2 e-

12 H+ + 2 IO3

- + 10 e- ¡ I2 + 6 H2O

2 I- ¡ I2

12 H+ + 2 IO3

- ¡ I2 + 6 H2O

H+H2O

2 I- ¡ I2

2 IO3

- ¡ I2

IO3

- + I- ¡ I2

2 (4 OH- + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 3 e-)

3 (2 H2O + OH- + 2 e- ¡ H2 + 3 OH-) 2 Al + 6 H2O + 2 OH- ¡ 2 Al(OH)4

- + 3 H2

9 OH- and 6 e- canceled on each side

2 H2O + OH- + 2 e- ¡ H2 + 3 OH-

4 OH- + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 3 e-

(1 H2O cancelled)2 H2O + OH- ¡ H2 + 3 OH-

(4 H2O cancelled)4 OH- + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

-

3 H2O + OH- ¡ H2 + H2O + 3 OH-

4 OH- + 4 H2O + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 4 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

3 OH- + 3 H+ + OH- ¡ H2 + H2O + 3 OH-

4 OH- + 4 H2O + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 4 H+ + 4 OH-

H+OH-

3 H+ + OH- ¡ H2 + H2O

4 H2O + Al ¡ Al(OH)4

- + 4 H+

H+H2O

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss, and gain of electrons; add the half-reaction.

(b) (acid solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

Step 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

Each side has 2 Mn, 10 S, 16 H, and 48 O and a charge.

(c) (acidic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with

5 e- + 8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

6 H2O + Co(NO2)6

3- ¡ Co2+ + 6 NO3

- + 12 H+ + 11 e-

e-

8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

6 H2O + Co(NO2)6

3- ¡ Co2+ + 6 NO3

- + 12 H+

H+H2O

MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+

Co(NO2)6

3- ¡ Co2+ + 6 NO3

-

Co(NO2)6

3- + MnO4

- ¡ Co2+ + Mn2+ + NO3

-

-6

2 (4 H2O + Mn2+ ¡ MnO4

- + 8 H+ + 5 e-)

5 (2 e- + S2O8

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2-) 2 Mn2+ + 5 S2O8

2- + 8 H2O ¡ 2 MnO4

- + 10 SO4

2- + 16 H+

2 e- + S2O8

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2-

4 H2O + Mn2+ ¡ MnO4

- + 8 H+ + 5 e-

S2O8

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2-

4 H2O + Mn2+ ¡ MnO4

- + 8 H+

H+H2O

S2O8

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2-

Mn2+ ¡ MnO4

-

Mn2+ + S2O8

2- ¡ MnO4

- + SO4

2-

12 H+ + 2 IO3

- + 10 e- ¡ I2 + 6 H2O

5 (2 I- ¡ I2 + 2 e-) 12 H+ + 2 IO3

- + 10 I- ¡ 6 I2 + 6 H2O

- 276 -

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Step 4 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons.

Step 5 Add the half-reactions

Each side has 5 Co, 30 N, 11 Mn, 28 H, 104 O and charge.

18. (a) (acid solution)

Step 1 Write half-reactions equations. Balance except H and O

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Balance electrically with electrons

Steps 4 and 5 Equalize the loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions.

(b) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equation. Balance except H and O

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as )

4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H+ + 4 OH-

2 OH- + 2 H+ + BrO- ¡ Br - + H2O + 2 OH-

H+OH-

Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H+

2 H+ + BrO- ¡ Br - + H2O

H+H2O

Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2-

BrO- ¡ Br -

BrO- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ Br - + CrO4

2-

5 (3 H2O + Mo2O3 ¡ 2 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e-)

6 (5 e- + 8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O) 5 Mo2O3 + 6 MnO4

- + 18 H+ ¡ 10 MoO3 + 6 Mn2+ + 9 H2O

5 e- + 8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

3 H2O + Mo2O3 ¡ 2 MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e-

8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O

3 H2O + Mo2O3 ¡ 2 MoO3 + 6 H+

H+H2O

MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+

Mo2O3 ¡ 2 MoO3

Mo2O3 + MnO4

- ¡ MoO3 + Mn2+

a + 2

5 Co(NO2)6

3- + 11 MnO4

- + 28 H+ ¡ 5 Co2+ + 30 NO3

- + 11 Mn2+ + 14 H2O

11 (5 e- + 8 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ Mn2+ + 4 H2O)

5 (6 H2O + Co(NO2)6

3- ¡ Co2+ + 6 NO3

- + 12 H+ + 11 e-)

- Chapter 17 -

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Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

Steps 6 and 7 Equalize loss and gain of electrons; add the half-reactions

(c) (basic solution)

Step 1 Write half-reaction equations. Balance except H and O.

Step 2 Balance H and O using and

Step 3 Add ions to both sides (same number as )

Step 4 Combine and to form cancel where possible

Step 5 Balance electrically with electrons

3 e- + 2 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

10 OH- + S2O3

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2- + 5 H2O + 8 e-

(2 H2O cancelled)2 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-

(5 H2O cancelled)10 OH- + S2O3

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2- + 5 H2O

4 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

10 OH- + 5 H2O + S2O3

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2- + 10 H2O

H2OH2O;OH-H+

4 OH- + 4 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 OH-

10 OH- + 5 H2O + S2O3

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2- + 10 H+ + 10 OH-

H+OH-

4 H+ + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 2 H2O

5 H2O + S2O3

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2- + 10 H+

H+H2O

MnO4

- ¡ MnO2

S2O3

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2-

S2O3

2- + MnO4

- ¡ SO4

2- + Mn2+

3 (2 e- + H2O + BrO- ¡ Br - + 2 OH-)

2 (4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H2O + 3 e-) 3 BrO- + 2 Cr(OH)4

- + 2 OH- ¡ 3 Br - + 2 CrO4

2- + 5 H2O

4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H2O + 3 e-

2 e- + H2O + BrO- ¡ Br - + 2 OH-

(1 H2O cancelled)H2O + BrO- ¡ Br - + 2 OH-

4 OH- + Cr(OH)4

- ¡ CrO4

2- + 4 H2O

2 H2O + BrO- ¡ Br - + H2O + 2 OH-

H2OH2O;OH-H+

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Step 6 and 7 Equalize loss and gain of electrons; add half-reactions.

Each side has 6 S, 8 Mn, 2 H, 42 O and a

19.

20. (a)

(b) The first reaction is oxidation ( is oxidized to ).

The second reaction is reduction ( is reduced to ).

(c) The first reaction (oxidation) occurs at the anode of the battery.

21. (a) The oxidizing agent is

(b) The reducing agent is HCl.

(c) 5 moles of electrons

22. Zinc is a more reactive metal than copper so when corrosion occurs the zinc preferentiallyreacts. Zinc is above hydrogen in the Activity series of metals; copper is below hydrogen.

23. (balanced)

(25.0 g Ag)a 1 mol Ag

107.9 g Agb a1 mol NO

3 mol Agb = 0.0772 mol NO

g Ag ¡ mol Ag ¡ mol NO

3 Ag + 4 HNO3 ¡ 3 AgNO3 + NO + 2 H2O

¢ 5 mol e-

mol KMnO4≤ ¢ 6.022 * 1023 e-

mol e- ≤ = 3.011 * 1024 electrons

mol KMnO4

5 e- + Mn7+ ¡ Mn2+

KMnO4.

Pb2+Pb4+Pb2+Pb0

PbO2 + SO4

2- + 4 H+ + 2 e- ¡ PbSO4 + 2 H2O

Pb + SO4

2- ¡ PbSO4 + 2 e-

Voltagesource

Anode (+)

– +

Cathode (–)

Solution of HBr

Br–

H3O+

-14 charge.

3 (10 OH- + S2O3

2- ¡ 2 SO4

2- + 5 H2O + 8 e-)

8 (3 e- + 2 H2O + MnO4

- ¡ MnO2 + 4 OH-) 3 S2O3

2- + 8 MnO4

- + H2O ¡ 6 SO4

2- + 8 MnO2 + 2 OH

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24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29. (a) is an oxidation, but when electrons are gained reduction should occur.

(b) When is reduced, it requires two individual electrons. Anelectron has only a single negative charge (e-).

Pb2+ + 2 e- ¡ Pb0.Pb2+Cu+ + e- ¡ Cu0 or Cu+ ¡ Cu2+ + e-Cu+ ¡ Cu2+

(100.0 g Al)a1 mol Al

26.98 gb ¢3 mol H2

2 mol Al≤ = 5.560 mol H2

g Al ¡ mol Al ¡ mol H2

2 Al + 2 OH- + 6 H2O ¡ 2 Al(OH)4

- + 3 H2

= 10.0 mL of 0.200 M K2Cr2O7

(60.0 mL FeSO4)a0.200 mol

1000 mLb ¢1 mol Cr2O7

2-

6 mol FeSO4≤ a 1000 mL

0.200 molb

mL FeSO4 ¡ mol FeSO4 ¡ mol Cr2O7

2- ¡ mL Cr2O7

2-

Cr2O7

2- + 6 Fe2+ + 14 H+ ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 6 Fe3+ + 7 H2O

(5.00 g H3AsO3)a 1 mol

125.9 gb ¢1 mol Cr2O7

2-

3 mol H3AsO3≤ a 1000 mL

0.200 molb = 66.2 mL of 0.200 M K2Cr2O7

g H3AsO3 ¡ mol H3AsO3 ¡ mol Cr2O7

2- ¡ mL Cr2O7

2-

Cr2O7

2- + 3 H3AsO3 + 8 H+ ¡ 2 Cr3+ + 3 H3AsO4 + 4 H2O

= 17 g KMnO4a2 mol KMnO4

5 mol H2O2b a158.0 g

molb

(100. mL H2O2 solution)a1.031 g

mLb ¢ 9.0 g H2O2

100. g H2O2 solution≤ a 1 mol

34.02 gb

mL H2O2 ¡ g H2O2 ¡ mol H2O2 ¡ mol KMnO4 ¡ g KMnO4

5 H2O2 + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 ¡ 5 O2 + 2 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8 H2O

(0.300 mol KClO3)¢ 3 mol Cl21 mol KClO3

≤ a 22.4 L

1 molb = 20.2 L Cl2

mol KClO3 ¡ mol Cl2 ¡ L Cl2

3 Cl2 + 6 KOH ¡ KClO3 + 5 KCl + 3 H2O

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30. The electrons lost by the species undergoing oxidation must be gained (or attracted) byanother species which then undergoes reduction.

31. cannot take from A

cannot take from A

takes from D

takes 2 from B

Therefore, is least able to attract then then then

32. can only be an oxidizing agent.

can only be a reducing agent.

can be both oxidizing and reducing.

33. is the best oxidizing agent of the group, since its greater

oxidation number makes it very attractive to electrons.

34. Equations (a) and (b) represent oxidation

(a)

(b)

35. (a)

(b)

(c)

V = a0.005 mol

1.4 atmb a 0.0821 L atm

mol Kb (323 K) = 0.09 L Br2 vapor

V =nRT

PPV = nRT

(100.0 mL Mn2+)a 0.05 mol

1000 mLb a 1 mol Br2

1 mol Mn2+ b = 0.005 mol Br2

(100.0 mL Mn2+)a 0.05 mol

1000 mLb ¢1 mol MnO2

1 mol Mn2+ ≤ a86.94 g

molb = 0.4 g MnO2

mL Mn2+ ¡ mol Mn2+ ¡ mol MnO2 ¡ g MnO2

MnO2 + 2 Br - + 4 H+ ¡ Mn2+ + Br2 + 2 H2O

SO2 ¡ SO3; (S4+ ¡ S6+ + 2 e-)

Mg ¡ Mg2+ + 2 e-

+7KMnO4

+6K2MnO4

+4MnO2

(+7)+3MnF3

KMnO4+2Mn(OH)2

Sn2+ + 2 e- ¡ Sn0 (oxidizing)

Sn2+ ¡ Sn4+ + 2 e- (reducing)Sn2+

Sn0 ¡ Sn2+ + 2 e-

Sn0 ¡ Sn4+ + 4 e-Sn0

Sn4+ + 2 e- ¡ Sn2+

Sn4+ + 4 e- ¡ Sn0Sn4+

A+C+,D2+,e-,B2+e-D2+B(s) + D2+(aq) ¡ D(s) + B2+(aq)

e-C+D(s) + 2 C+(aq) ¡ 2C(s) + D2+(aq)

e-C+A(s) + C+(aq) ¡ NR

e-B2+A(s) + B2+(aq) ¡ NR

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36. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

37.

38. See Exercise 13(a).

39. Equation 1 2 3 4 5

a C oxidized S oxidized N oxidized S oxidized oxidized

b reduced N reduced Cu reduced reduced reduced

c O.A. O.A. CuO, O.A. O.A. O.A.

d R.A. R.A. R.A. R.A. R.A.

e

f

40.

(a) Pb is the anode

(b) Ag is the cathode

(c) Oxidation occurs at Pb (anode)

(d) Reduction occurs at Ag (cathode)

(e) Electrons flow from the lead electrode through the wire to the silver electrode.

(f) Positive ions flow through the salt bridge towards the negatively charged strip of silver;negative ions flow toward the positively charged strip of lead.

Ag

Saltbridge

Pb

Pb2+

NO–3

Ag+

NO–3

Pb + 2 Ag+ ¡ 2 Ag + Pb2+

R.A. = Reducing agent

O.A. = Oxidizing agent

O2

2- ¡ O2-O2

2- ¡ O2-Cu2+ ¡ Cu0N5+ ¡ N2+O0 ¡ O2-

O2

2- ¡ O2

0S4+ ¡ S6+N3- ¡ N2

0S2- ¡ S0C223+ ¡ C4+

H2O2,Na2SO3,NH3,H2S,C3H8,

H2O2,H2O2,HNO3,O2,

O2

2-O2

2-O2

O2

2-

4 Zn + NO3

- + 10 H+ ¡ 4 Zn2+ + NH4

+ + 3 H2O

Mn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ¡ Mn2+(aq) + H2(g) + 2 Cl-(aq)

Br2 + 2 I- ¡ 2 Br - + I2

I2 + Cl- ¡ NR

Br2 + Cl- ¡ NR

F2 + 2 Cl- ¡ 2 F- + Cl2

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41.

start with grams and work towards g KI

42.

V =(0.167 mol NO)(0.0821 L atm>mol K)(301 K)

(0.979 atm)= 4.22 L NO

T = 301 K

P = (744 torr)a 1 atm

760. torrb = 0.979 atm

V =nRT

PPV = nRT

(0.500 mol Ag)a1 mol NO

3 mol Agb = 0.167 mol NO

mol Ag ¡ mol NO

3 Ag + 4 HNO3 ¡ 3 AgNO3 + NO + 2 H2O

a 3.65 g KI

4.00 g sampleb11002 = 91.3% KI

(2.79 g I2)a 1 mol

253.8 gb ¢8 mol KI

4 mol I2≤ a 166.0 g

molb = 3.65 g KI in sample

g I2 ¡ mol I2 ¡ mol KI ¡ g KI

I2

8 KI + 5 H2SO4 ¡ 4 I2 + H2S + 4 K2SO4 + 4 H2O

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