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Chapter 18 Chapter 18 Renewable Energy Renewable Energy
SourcesSources
Cleaner Cars, Cleaner FuelsCleaner Cars, Cleaner Fuels
Cars release a lot of pollutionCars release a lot of pollution 20052005
Bush administrationBush administration 7% improvement in 7% improvement in
mileagemileage 22.2 mpg22.2 mpg 2020 30.5 mpg2020 30.5 mpg
Diesel engines need workDiesel engines need work
Cleaner Cars, Cleaner FuelsCleaner Cars, Cleaner Fuels
Energy Policy Act of 2005Energy Policy Act of 2005 Tax creditsTax credits Energy-efficient autosEnergy-efficient autos
Liquid hydrogen as a Liquid hydrogen as a fuelfuel
What does the future What does the future hold?hold?
Electrical Generation CostsElectrical Generation Costs
Direct Solar EnergyDirect Solar Energy
Energy directly from the sunEnergy directly from the sun Tremendous amountTremendous amount Always availableAlways available Must be collectedMust be collected
Active Solar HeatingActive Solar Heating
Collectors absorb solar energyCollectors absorb solar energy Pumps or fans distribute heatPumps or fans distribute heat Primarily for heating waterPrimarily for heating water
Passive Solar HeatingPassive Solar Heating
No mechanical devices to distribute heatNo mechanical devices to distribute heat New home designNew home design Room temperature is Room temperature is
steadysteady ConvectionConvection Save on heating!Save on heating!
A Passive Solar HomeA Passive Solar Home
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar CellsPhotovoltaic (PV) Solar Cells
Convert sunlight into electricityConvert sunlight into electricity Thin wafers or filmsThin wafers or films No pollutionNo pollution Minimal maintenanceMinimal maintenance
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar CellsPhotovoltaic (PV) Solar Cells
Can be used in remote areasCan be used in remote areas Good choice for developing Good choice for developing
countries: why?countries: why? School, home useSchool, home use
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar CellsPhotovoltaic (PV) Solar Cells
Can look like conventional roofingCan look like conventional roofing Prices are coming downPrices are coming down Future progress is criticalFuture progress is critical
Solar Thermal Electric Solar Thermal Electric GenerationGeneration
Sun’s energy concentrated by Sun’s energy concentrated by mirrors, lensesmirrors, lenses
Heat a working fluidHeat a working fluid Fluid is circulated to Fluid is circulated to
boil waterboil water Steam generates Steam generates
electricityelectricity
Solar Thermal Electric Solar Thermal Electric GenerationGeneration
Backup system neededBackup system needed Very efficientVery efficient No pollution No pollution
producedproduced Must be cost- Must be cost-
competitivecompetitive
Hydrogen As A Fuel SourceHydrogen As A Fuel Source
Could be the fuel of the futureCould be the fuel of the future Where does the hydrogen come from?Where does the hydrogen come from? ElectrolysisElectrolysis Must use renewable fuel source to Must use renewable fuel source to
obtain the hydrogen!obtain the hydrogen! Few pollutants produced when burnedFew pollutants produced when burned Can be used for transportationCan be used for transportation
Solar-Generated HydrogenSolar-Generated Hydrogen
Use PV cells for electrolysis of waterUse PV cells for electrolysis of water Currently not very efficientCurrently not very efficient Still expensiveStill expensive Would need new distribution system Would need new distribution system
for transportationfor transportation Future development is criticalFuture development is critical
Solar-Generated HydrogenSolar-Generated Hydrogen Fuel cellsFuel cells
Electrochemical cellElectrochemical cell Like a batteryLike a battery Major carmakers working on itMajor carmakers working on it
Indirect Solar EnergyIndirect Solar Energy Indirect use of sun’s energyIndirect use of sun’s energy Biomass, wind power, hydroelectricityBiomass, wind power, hydroelectricity
Biomass EnergyBiomass Energy
Wood, plants, animal Wood, plants, animal wasteswastes
Potentially renewable: Potentially renewable: why?why?
Burned to release energyBurned to release energy Half of human population Half of human population
relies on relies on Cooking, heatingCooking, heating
BiogasBiogas Mixture of gasesMixture of gases Similar to natural gasSimilar to natural gas Animal wastesAnimal wastes Biogas digestersBiogas digesters
Decompose wastesDecompose wastes Use gas for cooking, lightingUse gas for cooking, lighting Solid remains are fertilizerSolid remains are fertilizer
Can also be used to power fuel cellsCan also be used to power fuel cells
Biogas DigesterBiogas Digester
Biomass As A Liquid FuelBiomass As A Liquid Fuel
Methanol, ethanolMethanol, ethanol Gasohol: mix gasoline and ethanolGasohol: mix gasoline and ethanol BiodieselBiodiesel
Plant, animal oilsPlant, animal oils Becoming more popularBecoming more popular Burns cleaner than regular dieselBurns cleaner than regular diesel
EthanolEthanol
Sugarcane, corn, wood, agricultural Sugarcane, corn, wood, agricultural and municipal wastesand municipal wastes
Government subsidizesGovernment subsidizes Good outlet for some wastesGood outlet for some wastes ProblemsProblems
Land and water useLand and water use Soil erosionSoil erosion Decreased food productionDecreased food production
Wind EnergyWind Energy Fastest growing energy sourceFastest growing energy source No waste, emissionsNo waste, emissions ElectricityElectricity Costs are decliningCosts are declining Denmark is a world Denmark is a world
leaderleader Need steady windsNeed steady winds Great Plains of U.S.Great Plains of U.S.
Wind Power Is On The Rise!Wind Power Is On The Rise!
Wind Energy ProblemsWind Energy Problems
Birds and bats killed by turbinesBirds and bats killed by turbines Avoid migration routesAvoid migration routes Operate only at certain timesOperate only at certain times Monitor the projectMonitor the project
Visual pollutionVisual pollution Maple Ridge, NYMaple Ridge, NY Massachusetts coastMassachusetts coast
HydropowerHydropower
Flowing or falling Flowing or falling water spins turbineswater spins turbines
Most efficient way to Most efficient way to produce produce electricityelectricity
19% world’s 19% world’s electricityelectricity
2200 U.S. plants2200 U.S. plants
Hydropower ProblemsHydropower Problems Damages ecosystem, speciesDamages ecosystem, species Displaces people: Three Gorges DamDisplaces people: Three Gorges Dam High construction costHigh construction cost Reduces downstream flowReduces downstream flow Reservoirs eventually fill inReservoirs eventually fill in Danger of collapseDanger of collapse Degrades riverDegrades river Increase in waterborne disease: Increase in waterborne disease:
schistosomiasisschistosomiasis
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Use energy from Earth’s interiorUse energy from Earth’s interior Big potential sourceBig potential source ElectricityElectricity
Hydrothermal reservoir: hot fluidHydrothermal reservoir: hot fluid Bring fluid to surface to generate Bring fluid to surface to generate
electricityelectricity
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Emits very few pollutantsEmits very few pollutants Is it truly renewable?Is it truly renewable? Land may subsideLand may subside
Geothermal Heat PumpsGeothermal Heat Pumps
Used for heating and coolingUsed for heating and cooling Ground temperature relatively constantGround temperature relatively constant Underground pipes carry waterUnderground pipes carry water Fluids circulateFluids circulate Expensive to installExpensive to install Use is on the increase: why?Use is on the increase: why? Very efficient!Very efficient!
Tidal EnergyTidal Energy
Use power of the tides to generate Use power of the tides to generate electricityelectricity
France, Russia, China, CanadaFrance, Russia, China, Canada Very few ideal locationsVery few ideal locations May be damaging to ecosystemsMay be damaging to ecosystems
Conservation & EfficiencyConservation & Efficiency Energy conservationEnergy conservation
Using less energyUsing less energy Reduce use, wasteReduce use, waste CarpoolingCarpooling
Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency Using less energy for a taskUsing less energy for a task More fuel-efficient carsMore fuel-efficient cars
Both very important!Both very important!
Energy Consumption TrendsEnergy Consumption Trends Use is on the increaseUse is on the increase Greatest increase in developing Greatest increase in developing
countries: why?countries: why?
Energy-Efficient Energy-Efficient TechnologiesTechnologies
Appliances, automobiles, light bulbs, Appliances, automobiles, light bulbs, furnaces, etc…furnaces, etc…
““Superinsulated” buildingsSuperinsulated” buildings May cost more, but will save money!May cost more, but will save money!
Energy-Efficient Energy-Efficient TechnologiesTechnologies
National Appliance Energy National Appliance Energy Conservation ActConservation Act Sets national standardsSets national standards Much greater efficiency todayMuch greater efficiency today
Invest in energy improvements now Invest in energy improvements now to save money in the long runto save money in the long run
Automobile EfficiencyAutomobile Efficiency
Has improved since 1970s: why?Has improved since 1970s: why? Increased use of minivans, trucks, SUVsIncreased use of minivans, trucks, SUVs Efficiency must continue to improveEfficiency must continue to improve
CogenerationCogeneration Combined heat and power (CHP)Combined heat and power (CHP) Recycling “waste” heatRecycling “waste” heat Generate electricity, use steam before Generate electricity, use steam before
cooling it back downcooling it back down
Electric Companies & Electric Companies & Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Make more money, generate less Make more money, generate less electricityelectricity
Incentives for conservationIncentives for conservation Help consumers save electricityHelp consumers save electricity
Light bulbs, furnacesLight bulbs, furnaces Company doesn’t have to invest in Company doesn’t have to invest in
new power generationnew power generation
Electric Companies & Electric Companies & Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Use cogeneration to save energyUse cogeneration to save energy Improve electricity gridsImprove electricity grids
Some energy lost in transmissionSome energy lost in transmission Plan for future usePlan for future use
Energy Conservation At Energy Conservation At HomeHome
Average household: $1500/year on Average household: $1500/year on utilitiesutilities
Use energy-efficient technologiesUse energy-efficient technologies Better insulation, windowsBetter insulation, windows Seal cracksSeal cracks Replace inefficient appliancesReplace inefficient appliances
Energy Conservation At Energy Conservation At HomeHome