Chapter 18Chapter 18

Renewing the Renewing the Sectional StruggleSectional Struggle

1848- 18541848- 1854

Political ClimatePolitical Climate

• Throughout the struggle over the Throughout the struggle over the slave issue, the two major parties did slave issue, the two major parties did not breaknot break

• Democrats in the North & South Democrats in the North & South supported their candidates as did supported their candidates as did Whigs.Whigs.

• However, sectional differences are However, sectional differences are going to test their resolve.going to test their resolve.

• Election of 1848 will start to fracture Election of 1848 will start to fracture the stability of the parties. the stability of the parties.

Election of 1848Election of 1848

o Zachary Taylor – War hero of the Zachary Taylor – War hero of the Mexican War was the Whig Mexican War was the Whig candidate.candidate.

o Martin Van Buren ran for a new party Martin Van Buren ran for a new party known as the Free-Soilers.known as the Free-Soilers.

o Democrats nominated General Cass, Democrats nominated General Cass, also a war hero, but the War of 1812.also a war hero, but the War of 1812.

o Taylor won in a close election and Taylor won in a close election and the Whigs had elected their 2the Whigs had elected their 2ndnd President. President.

CaliforniaCalifornia

o Taylor had hoped to sit out the Taylor had hoped to sit out the debate over slavery and just run the debate over slavery and just run the country.country.

o The Gold Rush in 1849 saw a The Gold Rush in 1849 saw a tremendous population explosion in tremendous population explosion in California.California.

o California applied for statehood in California applied for statehood in 1849 as a free state.1849 as a free state.

o They needed federal protection b/c of They needed federal protection b/c of the lawlessness out West.the lawlessness out West.

Politics at WorkPolitics at Work

• AbolitionAbolition – get rid of slavery – get rid of slavery altogetheraltogether

• Wilmott ProvisoWilmott Proviso – No new – No new territories from Mexico could be territories from Mexico could be slave states.slave states.

• Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise – Line of – Line of demarcation to determine slave/freedemarcation to determine slave/free

• Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty – states – states should make that decision w/out fed should make that decision w/out fed gov’t.gov’t.

• ..

Sectional StrifeSectional Strifeo In 1848, there were 15

free states and 15 slave states – and California.

o The South felt they were being cheated.

o Slaves had been escaping in greater numbers and weak laws didn’t help

o Though the number of slaves escaping was low, it was the principle in the South

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

• Clay, Webster, and Calhoun took center-stage to work out a compromise.

• It had to be as fair as possible to both sides, but both had to budge.

• They called for a free California, but tougher fugitive slave laws.

• After 7 months of debate, it passed Congress in 1850.

• .

UncompromisingUncompromisingo The North got the better end of

the deal.o D.C. outlawed slave trading and

it was a matter of time before slavery ended.

o California tipped the scale to free states.

o The South did get a tougher Fugitive Slave Law, but many in the North ignored it.

o Some states even pondered nullification like S.C. did on tariffs.

Compromise ProblemsCompromise Problems

o The Compromise was effective for a short while, but never a solution.o William Seward argued that a higher law than the Constitution should prevail.o President Taylor helped the Compromise become reality by dying.o Page 407 and 409 in text lay out the compromise as well as states affected.o.

Election of 1852Election of 1852o Franklin Pierce was the safe

candidate for the Democrats.

o The Whigs ignored their party leaders and went with war hero – Winfield Scott.

o Democrats chose Pierce because he was favorable to the South and backed Comp.

o The Whigs also endorsed the compromise but not as enthusiastically.

Election of 1852Election of 1852

• Pierce won in a landslide, but the election had significant consequences.

1. It brought an end to the Whig Party.2. Slavery and its future had been the

real topic driving the election.3. A short end to the two-party system in

America.4. Sectionalism will be the political focus

for decades. 5. .

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny• Pierce was looking to expand

American influence and slave territory.

• There was an attempt by a southerner, William Walker, to take Nicaragua.

• Though it failed, the South looked to other lands to spread slavery.

• William Perry also opened up trade with China and Japan. Huge economic gains.

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

o The South wanted to take Cuba from Spain and Pierce tried to buy it.

o The Ostend Manifesto was drawn up to offer Spain $125 million, or we’d take it.

o The North was outraged and the plan dropped.

o Europe was entangled in the Crimean War, and there was little to stop us.

o .

Railroad DebateRailroad Debate

• The Western territory of California The Western territory of California had proved rich, but hard to get at.had proved rich, but hard to get at.

• A proposed railroad was the answer, A proposed railroad was the answer, but an expensive undertaking. but an expensive undertaking.

• The question became whether the The question became whether the rail would lead from the North or rail would lead from the North or South.South.

• The Gadsden Purchase allowed for The Gadsden Purchase allowed for easy access through the South. easy access through the South.

Kansas-NebraskaKansas-Nebraskao Stephan A. Douglas owned stock in the

Chicago rail industry.o He wanted Chicago to be the hub to the

West.o Douglas proposed that Kansas and

Nebraska be brought into the Union.o Kansas would be slave and Nebraska

would be free..

Kansas-NebraskaKansas-Nebraska• Southerners loved the idea b/c this gave

them one more slave state.• Problem – Missouri Compromise

wouldn’t allow it. The North didn’t like it.

• Southerners loved it and backed Douglas in the Senate and all of Congress.

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed Congress and Douglas made a mint.

• .

ResultsResults1. Two compromises were effectively

nullified. – Missouri and that of 1850.

2. The Democratic Party was torn apart by the Kansas – Nebraska Act.

3. Politics in America were split like the Church – North and South.

4. The South remained a stronghold for Democrats.

5. A new party emerged – Republicans.

..

Chapter 19Chapter 19Drifting Toward DisunionDrifting Toward Disunion

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

• Written By Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Very popular novel that exposed the harsh life of slavery

• Helped to start and win the Civil War

• Stowe claimed that God wrote it, which revealed the deeper sources of the Second Great Awakening

• .

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansaso In many ways, the first shots of

the Civil War were fired hereoWas slavery practical in this

territory?o John Brown, perhaps the most

militant and famous abolitionist of the time, emerged

oA civil war of sorts broke out in Kansas, with both sides looking for a victory

o .

KansasKansas• Problems in Kansas –

“slaveryites” and “free-soilers” both fought for control.

• Few slaves were actually taken to Kansas

• In the election of the territorial legislature, “slaveryites” poured into to Kansas to vote

• This tipped the scale and the gov’t was pro-slavery

• Another gov’t set up in Lawrence, KS

• .

LeCompton ConstitutionLeCompton Constitution

o Argument over whether KS should be Argument over whether KS should be free or slave was to be settled in free or slave was to be settled in Congress.Congress.

o Pro-slave gov’t proposed a Pro-slave gov’t proposed a Constitution that allowed slavery and Constitution that allowed slavery and one that allowed slaves.one that allowed slaves.

o Buchanan supported the Lecompton Buchanan supported the Lecompton gov’t, but Douglas supported pop. gov’t, but Douglas supported pop. Sovereignty.Sovereignty.

o In the end, the Constitution was In the end, the Constitution was voted downvoted down

o ..

Bleeding Congress(man)Bleeding Congress(man)• In 1856, Sen. Charles

Sumner of Mass. gave a speech in which he insulted South Carolina

• Congressman Preston Brooks of S.C. wanted to challenge a duel.

• Instead, on May 22, 1856, Brooks walked into the Senate and beat Sumner with his cane.

• The North was appalled. The S. sent Brooks a bunch of canes.

• .

Election of 1856Election of 1856o James Buchanan (D), John C.

Fremont(R), and Millard Fillmore (Know-Nothing)-nativist

o Kansas was the main issue, so all parties chose candidates w/ no ties to Kansas.

o Buchanan won, and once again, the Union was preserved – for now.

o The results showed a fracturing nation.

o .

Dred ScottDred Scotto Scott was a slave who had lived in the

free soil areas of the Wisconsin Territoryo He sued for his freedom, on the grounds

of living on free soil for 5 yearso The Court Ruled that Scott could not

sue, because he had no rightso Furthermore, they said that a slave

could be taken to any territory by their master and used as slaves…. This sent shockwaves through the nation……Why?

o .

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln• Came into the spotlight

in the Illinois Senatorial Election against Stephen Douglas in 1858

• Great debates between the two ensued and Americans became aware of Lincoln

• Argued over who had the right to expand slavery…people or the court. The Result…

• Douglas won – Lincoln lost

• .

LincolnLincoln

• Although Douglas won his Senate seat back, Lincoln was now established.

• Lincoln was personally against slavery, but politically for the Union.

• Lincoln was seen as a common man, but also as self-made.

• Though Douglas won his seat in the Senate, Lincoln would locate a loftier position.

• .

Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferryo John Brown planned to attack

the South and get the slaves to rise up and revolt.

o In Virginia, October of ’59, he and his small band of men attacked a military arsenal.

o Brown was wounded and captured by a group of Marines. (Robert E. Lee)

o He was tried and sentenced to death.

o Free-soilers were outraged.o .

Democratic ConventionDemocratic Convention

o Met in Baltimore in 1860 to nominate Met in Baltimore in 1860 to nominate a candidate for President.a candidate for President.

o Southern delegates walked out Southern delegates walked out because they saw Douglas as a because they saw Douglas as a traitor to the South.traitor to the South.

o Douglas got the nomination.Douglas got the nomination.o So did Breckinridge (Southern So did Breckinridge (Southern

Democrats)Democrats)o The Democratic Party had thus split.The Democratic Party had thus split.o ..

Republican ConventionRepublican Convention

o Met in Chicago and were excited about Met in Chicago and were excited about winning b/c the Dem. Party was split.winning b/c the Dem. Party was split.

o Seward, Bates and Chase were the Seward, Bates and Chase were the front runners.front runners.

o They nominated Abraham Lincoln, They nominated Abraham Lincoln, although many thought him a although many thought him a simpleton.simpleton.

o His speech was “backwoods” but he His speech was “backwoods” but he appealed to the common man.appealed to the common man.

o Some referred to him as the “Great Some referred to him as the “Great Baboon”Baboon”

o . .

Candidates in 1860Candidates in 1860

Abe Lincoln – Rep. John Breckinridge - D

Stephen Douglas - Dem John Bell – Const Union

Election of 1860Election of 1860

• As expected, the Democratic vote As expected, the Democratic vote was split between Breckinridge and was split between Breckinridge and Douglas.Douglas.

• Bell won the border states of KY, TN Bell won the border states of KY, TN and VA.and VA.

• Lincoln swept the North and Lincoln swept the North and garnered enough electoral votes for garnered enough electoral votes for the win.the win.

• The die was cast.The die was cast.• ..

SecessionSecession

Within a few days of election results, Within a few days of election results, South Carolina seceded.South Carolina seceded.

Within 4 weeks, so had Georgia, Within 4 weeks, so had Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana & TexasLouisiana & Texas

A government was est. in A government was est. in Montgomery, AL known as the Montgomery, AL known as the Confederate States of Am.Confederate States of Am.

Jefferson Davis of KY was chosen as Jefferson Davis of KY was chosen as Pres.Pres.

. .

Last AttemptLast Attempto Another Kentuckian, Crittenden, Another Kentuckian, Crittenden,

attempted one last compromise to attempted one last compromise to save the Union.save the Union.

o It resembled the Missouri It resembled the Missouri Compromise, but Lincoln refused to Compromise, but Lincoln refused to accept it.accept it.

o It essentially called for the South to It essentially called for the South to be able to annex anything S. of 36’.be able to annex anything S. of 36’.

o Lincoln feared the U.S. would invade Lincoln feared the U.S. would invade anyone possible.anyone possible.

o ..

Final Days of PeaceFinal Days of Peace

• Most of the secession took place during Most of the secession took place during Buchanan’s lame duck period.Buchanan’s lame duck period.

• Lincoln would be severely criticized, but Lincoln would be severely criticized, but remained strong.remained strong.

• He gave few statements publicly b/c he He gave few statements publicly b/c he lacked authority to do anything.lacked authority to do anything.

• His goal was to save the Union at all His goal was to save the Union at all costs. costs.

• Inevitably, that meant war. However, Inevitably, that meant war. However, the North was in no mood to fight.the North was in no mood to fight.

• . .

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Girding For War, The Girding For War, The North and The SouthNorth and The South

South Carolina Assails Fort South Carolina Assails Fort SumterSumter

• Fort Sumter, in Charleston SC, was still Fort Sumter, in Charleston SC, was still part of the union.part of the union.

• Lincoln tried to send provisions to Lincoln tried to send provisions to Sumter, but SC saw it as aggression.Sumter, but SC saw it as aggression.

• April 12,1861 SC opened fire on fort. April 12,1861 SC opened fire on fort. Sumter surrendered 34 hours later.Sumter surrendered 34 hours later.

• Provoked North, and Lincoln called for Provoked North, and Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen.75,000 militiamen.

• Call for troops angered South, caused 4 Call for troops angered South, caused 4 more states to secede, Conf. capital more states to secede, Conf. capital moved to Richmond, VA.moved to Richmond, VA.

• . .

Brother’s Blood and Border Blood

o Border states - Missouri, Kentucky, Border states - Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Maryland, Delaware, and West VirginiaVirginia

o Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would almost double would almost double manufacturing capacity of the manufacturing capacity of the SouthSouth

o Lincoln said from the beginning of Lincoln said from the beginning of the war that he was not fighting to the war that he was not fighting to free the blacks, but to save the free the blacks, but to save the UnionUnion

o Five civilized tribes mostly sided Five civilized tribes mostly sided with the Confederacywith the Confederacy

o ..

The Balance of ForcesThe Balance of Forces Strengths of the Strengths of the

UnionUnion• Contained most of the Contained most of the

factories, therefore factories, therefore having better weapons having better weapons and a better economy. and a better economy. RRRR

• Shortages of shoes, Shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets uniforms, and blankets disabled the South, as disabled the South, as well as the breakdown of well as the breakdown of the Southern railroad.the Southern railroad.

• The North was wealthier.The North was wealthier.• The North controlled the The North controlled the

sea.sea.

Strengths of the Strengths of the SouthSouth

• The North had to invade The North had to invade a vast territory.a vast territory.

• Confederacy only needed Confederacy only needed to fight the invaders to a to fight the invaders to a draw for independence.draw for independence.

• South had a high morale South had a high morale because they were because they were fighting on their land for fighting on their land for their own cause.their own cause.

• The South had more The South had more talented military leaders.talented military leaders.

• ..

Dethroning King CottonDethroning King Cotton

o South realized that their only chance of South realized that their only chance of winning the war was with foreign winning the war was with foreign intervention.intervention.

o Britain was the CSA’s main hope for Britain was the CSA’s main hope for intervention.intervention.

o Britain backed off from helping the CSA Britain backed off from helping the CSA because they didn’t want to lose the because they didn’t want to lose the northern economic support and provoke northern economic support and provoke war.war.

o The northern crops of wheat and corn The northern crops of wheat and corn became more important than cotton became more important than cotton because there were surpluses of cotton because there were surpluses of cotton still left in England from prewar years.still left in England from prewar years.

o ..

The Decisiveness of The Decisiveness of DiplomacyDiplomacy

• The CSA never abandoned its dream of The CSA never abandoned its dream of foreign intervention and Europe’s rulers foreign intervention and Europe’s rulers schemed to take advantage of American schemed to take advantage of American distress.distress.

• TrentTrent- British steamer stopped by a - British steamer stopped by a union warship. Two confederate union warship. Two confederate diplomats forcibly removed from it. diplomats forcibly removed from it. Britons outraged, men released.Britons outraged, men released.

• Unneutral building in England of Unneutral building in England of confederate commerce raidersconfederate commerce raiders

• AlabamaAlabama- flew confederate flag but - flew confederate flag but was manned by British.was manned by British.

• ..

Foreign Flare-UpsForeign Flare-Upso London bought two ships for the Royal London bought two ships for the Royal

Navy from the South.Navy from the South.o Irish-Americans unleashed their fury on Irish-Americans unleashed their fury on

CanadaCanadao Two great nations emerged from Civil Two great nations emerged from Civil

War- a united United States and a War- a united United States and a united Canadaunited Canada

o British Parliament established the British Parliament established the Dominion of CanadaDominion of Canada

o Napoleon tried to take advantage of Napoleon tried to take advantage of America by dispatching a French army America by dispatching a French army to Mexico City. His plan was to Mexico City. His plan was unsuccessful.unsuccessful.

Lincoln v. DavisLincoln v. Davis

• Davis was handcuffed from the Davis was handcuffed from the beginning by the loose beginning by the loose confederation.confederation.

• With the economy of the S. in With the economy of the S. in distress, Davis lacked the authority distress, Davis lacked the authority to move.to move.

• Governors around the South were Governors around the South were less interested in the CSA than own less interested in the CSA than own states.states.

• Davis was a strong leader, but not a Davis was a strong leader, but not a good one.good one.

LincolnLincolno Lincoln was also unpopular, but w/ a Lincoln was also unpopular, but w/ a

strong economy, had more power.strong economy, had more power.o His own party and generals were His own party and generals were

critical of him.critical of him.o The Constitution limited Lincoln to do The Constitution limited Lincoln to do

what needed to be done.what needed to be done.o But, Lincoln simply did what needed But, Lincoln simply did what needed

to be done.to be done.

What Constitution?What Constitution?

• Formed a blockade of the SouthFormed a blockade of the South• Increased size of army.Increased size of army.• Appropriated $ to the military.Appropriated $ to the military.• Suspended writ of habeas corpusSuspended writ of habeas corpus• Supervised voting in border states.Supervised voting in border states.• Censored newspapers unfavorable to Censored newspapers unfavorable to

cause.cause.

Raising Troops - NorthRaising Troops - North

• By 1863, volunteers had dried up. By 1863, volunteers had dried up. • Congress passed a fed. conscription Congress passed a fed. conscription

law allowing for more soldiers.law allowing for more soldiers.• Unfair to the poorUnfair to the poor

• Wealthy could pay someone to take Wealthy could pay someone to take placeplace

• $300 to gov’t in return for no service$300 to gov’t in return for no service• Riot in New York ag. Lincoln gov’tRiot in New York ag. Lincoln gov’t

Raising Troops – SouthRaising Troops – South

o South also relied on a primarily South also relied on a primarily volunteer army.volunteer army.

o Instituted conscription a year before Instituted conscription a year before the North.the North.

o No rioting over service in SouthNo rioting over service in Southo Both North and South (why?) had to Both North and South (why?) had to

deal with large numbers of deserters.deal with large numbers of deserters.

Economic SouthEconomic South

o Relied on King Cotton to get them Relied on King Cotton to get them the necessary funding for the war.the necessary funding for the war.

o B/c of large surpluses, the demand B/c of large surpluses, the demand for cotton was not great.for cotton was not great.

o Indiv. States didn’t share w/ CSAIndiv. States didn’t share w/ CSAo Customs duties off due to blockade.Customs duties off due to blockade.o Inflation up 9,000% by 1865.Inflation up 9,000% by 1865.

Economic NorthEconomic North

o Many industrialists took advantage of Many industrialists took advantage of opportunity to make $$.opportunity to make $$.

o Inflation was up, but not anything Inflation was up, but not anything like the Slike the S

o Millionaires became more common Millionaires became more common during the war than anytime before.during the war than anytime before.

o Labor-saving machinery made way Labor-saving machinery made way for more men to serve in military.for more men to serve in military.

Women of the Civil WarWomen of the Civil War

o Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – physician – Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – physician – org. U.S. Sanitary Commission.org. U.S. Sanitary Commission.

o Clara Barton / Dorothea Dix – Clara Barton / Dorothea Dix – transformed nursing for the Union transformed nursing for the Union Army.Army.

o Sally Tompkins – Infirmary for the Sally Tompkins – Infirmary for the CSACSA

o Women in the North also did fund Women in the North also did fund raisers to aid the Union Army.raisers to aid the Union Army.