Chapter 18

ReviewThe Development of Labor

What is an organization of workers formed to improve working

conditions?

Labor union

The struggle between coal operators and what group

greatly influenced the national union movement?

United Mine Workers of America

Where did the miners live?

Company houses

What were three conditions that drove miners to unionize?

• Long hours• Low pay• Dangerous working conditions• No job security • No benefits• No voice in operating the mine

List five of the conditions in early coal mines that

made it unsafe?1. Explosions2. Cave-ins and Slate falls3. Gas filled mines4. Water seepage5. Small working areas

Where did the miners have to shop?

Company stores

How were miners paid?

Company scrip

Before being hired, all miners had to sign this, which pledged him not to join a union and if this pledge was broken, the miner was automatically fired.

Yellow-dog contract

contains the names of individuals or companies to

be avoided or punished

blacklist

Why was it necessary to pass child labor laws preventing the employment of anyone under 16 years of age in the mines?

Working conditions were dangerous, and many children

were dropping out of school to go to work.

When workers joined together and stopped working until the employer treated them

fairly is called what?

Strike

a person who is willing to work for a company while its

regular employees are on strike

scab

What kind of workers led the first major strike in West

Virginia?

Railroad

What is a sever, continued downturn in the economy marked by

decreased business activity, unemployment, and falling

prices and wages?

Depression

Why was it especially difficult for women and

minorities to gain entrance into the craft unions?

The Unions controlled who could become members. Men had to

have a father or uncle in the union before they could become

apprentices.

By law, this governor was required to protect the companies property.

Governor Henry

Mathews

What president sent in federal troops to stop the

strikers.

President Rutherford B. Hayes

What was the first national federation of workers?

Nobel and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor

Who took over as Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor and increased membership and led a successful strike against the railroad?

Terrence Powderly

What new federation of trade union began as a loose

alliance of other unions?

American Federation of Labor (AF of L)

an order issued by a judge stating that something must or must not be done, such as an order forbidding picketing

by a labor union on strike

injunction

Who was the founder of the AF of L?

Samuel Gompers

What did Samuel Gompers do to help stabilize

American unionism?

He helped unions obtain a stronger bargaining

position and developed policies and financing that led to successful

strikes

Who was the “Steel Drivin Man”?

John Henr

y

John Henry Memorial

At the Big Bend

Tunnel near Talcott

Who had the job of using a sledgehammer to drive the steel drill?

Driver

Who had the job of holding and rotating the drill?

Shaker

Who had the job of placing the explosives?

Powder monke

y

Where was the tunnel that John Henry was working

in?

Big Bend Tunnel near Talcott

What where The State Militia, Injunctions, Companies Private Armed Guards, and Scabs, known as?

“unholy four”

The National Miners’ Union and The Knights of Labor

were merged to form what union?

United Mine Workers of America

These agreements were negotiated in what contract?  Wages would be 2.25 cents for every bushel of 1 inch

screened coal 2. Union workers would be returned to their old jobs Discrimination against employees because of their connections with any organization was forbidden Interference in the mines by members of the Ku Klux Klan was prohibited The company was required to hire a check weighmen

Harewood contract

Who was called the “miners angel”?

Mary “Mother”

Jones

Mary Mother Jones

What was an unwritten law based on earlier court

decisions?

Common Law

Because some of the labor groups believed they needed a greater political voice to address their

common concerns, what organization was formed?

West Virginia Federation of Labor

Where was the worst disaster in coal mining history?

Monongah, in Marion County

In 1910 the U.S. Congress created what governmental organization?

Bureau of Mines

What changes in industry brought about a reduction in the number of skilled craftsmen?

• Larger factories• More mechanization• The use of immigrants

Replacing craftsmen with machines that require little skill to operate is known as

what?

Mechanization

What group of people came into West Virginia and took the

worst jobs and competed for the new ones?

immigrants

Where was a tent colony set up?

Holly Grove

The miners who marched wore red bandanas around

their necks for identification.This is where what term

originated?

“red-neck”

What detective agency was hired to protect company

property?

Baldwin-Felts

What did Governor William Glasscock do to keep order at Paint Creek ?

Declared martial

law

This type of warfare refers to harassment or attacks by

small independent groups?

Guerrilla warfare

What new governor inherited the responsibility for

ending the violent strike?

Henry Hatfiel

d

a final statement of terms offered by one party to

another, with the threat of force if the offer is not

acceptedultimatum

What is the process when union and company negotiate with

each other for wages and working conditions?

Collective bargaining

What conflict in Mingo County resulted in nine deaths and murder charges against Sheriff Sid Hatfield?

Matewan Massacre

What was Mingo County known as because of the open

warfare between miners and mine owners?

Bloody Mingo

The shootout scene at Matewan

Who was killed on the courthouse steps when his trial was moved to Welch in

McDowell County?

Sid Hatfield

   Many of the miners refuse to fight here because they had

served in WW I and refused to fight the US Army.

Blair Mountain

What squadron did President Harding send to Blair

Mountain?

Martin Bombers

What was the problem with building a tunnel through

Gauley Mountain?

Pure silica

Power plant in which water flows through Gauley Mt.

The dam formsA lake so that water flows throughThe Hawks Nest Tunnel

Hawks Nest generatingplant

What company never admitted responsibility for

the tragedy?

Union Carbide

What President created the “New Deal” to help bring America out of the Great

Depression?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

What President of the UMW best understood the Wagner Act and formed a new labor organization?

John L. Lewis

refers to the programs proposed by President

Roosevelt to fight the Great Depression.

New Deal

What is insurance for workers who become disabled on the job or who suffer from job related illness?

Workers compensation

law permits workers to get and keep jobs without having

to join a union.

Right-to-work

What law restricted the power of the labor union?

Taft-Hartley Act

Under the guidance of this West Virginian the AF of L and the CIO was reunited?

Walter Reuther

In 1995 who became the 15th president of the UMW?

Cecil E.

Roberts

What are some reasons why the future of labor unions is not as bright as it was twenty-five years ago?• Some unions have made business

less competitive • Many companies have moved

overseas• Some companies violate laws to

prevent unionization